Axe 'Em: Eliminating Spurious States with Induction Axioms

First-order logic (FOL) has proved to be a versatile and expressive tool as the basis of abstract modeling languages. Used to verify complex systems with unbounded domains, such as heap-manipulating programs and distributed protocols, FOL, and specifically uninterpreted functions and quantifiers, strike a balance between expressiveness and amenity to automation. However, FOL semantics may differ in important ways from the intended semantics of the modeled system, due to the inability to distinguish between finite and infinite first-order structures, for example, or the undefinability of well-founded relations in FOL. This semantic gap may give rise to spurious states and unreal behaviors, which only exist as an artifact of the first-order abstraction and impede the verification process. In this paper we take a step towards bridging this semantic gap. We present an approach for soundly refining the first-order abstraction according to either well-founded semantics or finite-domain semantics, utilizing induction axioms for an abstract order relation, a common primitive in verification. We first formalize sound axiom schemata for each of the aforementioned semantics, based on well-founded induction. Second, we show how to use spurious counter-models, which are necessarily infinite, to guide the instantiation of these axiom schemata. Finally, we present a sound and complete reduction of well-founded semantics and finite-domain semantics to standard semantics in the recently discovered Ordered Self-Cycle (OSC) fragment of FOL, and prove that satisfiability under these semantics is decidable in OSC. We implement a prototype tool to evaluate our approach, and test it on various examples where spurious models arise. Our tool quickly finds the necessary axioms to refine the semantics, and successfully completes the verification process.