Pith. sign in

REVIEW 3 major objections 6 minor 1 cited by

Driving Innovation in 6G Wireless Technologies: The OpenAirInterface Approach

T0 review · 3 major / 6 minor · reviewed 2026-08-11 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read The paper argues that OpenAirInterface, an open-source implementation spanning RAN, core, and software-defined UE, is positioned to become 6G's reference research platform.

desk verdict A useful, honest status report on OpenAirInterface for 6G, but the performance numbers are illustrative, not validated, and the 'definitive reference implementation' claim remains a vision. read the letter →

arxiv 2412.13295 v3 pith:HVR3S4NE submitted 2024-12-17 cs.NI eess.SP

Florian Kaltenberger , Tommaso Melodia , Irfan Ghauri , Michele Polese , Raymond Knopp , Tien Thinh Nguyen , Sakthivel Velumani , Davide Villa
show 5 more authors
Leonardo Bonati Robert Schmidt Sagar Arora Mikel Irazabal Navid Nikaein
This is my paper · ORCID
classification cs.NIeess.SP
keywords OpenAirInterface6GnetworksRANopen-sourcesoftware5GstandaloneO-RANinterfacesnon-terrestrialnetworkslicing
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper positions the open-source OpenAirInterface project as a complete, standards-compliant mobile network that can serve as the experimental backbone for 6G research. It argues that OAI now covers the full 5G standalone stack—radio access network, core network, and a software-defined user equipment—along with O-RAN interfaces, a near-real-time RIC, and orchestration tooling. The reason these details matter is that 3GPP's first 6G specifications are scheduled for 2028, and the paper contends that open-source implementations will inform and accelerate that standardization process. The paper's central claim is that the challenges of 6G can only be tackled by a community effort built on open-source components, with OAI as the reference point.

What carries the argument

The central object is the OAI software stack: a single open-source implementation of a 3GPP/O-RAN 5G network that runs on commodity x86 and ARM hardware and connects to either SDRs or commercial O-RAN radio units. The stack carries the claim because it is what makes end-to-end experimentation possible, and the paper's credibility argument rests on an automated CI/CD pipeline that continuously tests the code on in-house and external testbeds. A named component, flexRIC, is the project's near-real-time RIC, presented as 100% O-RAN compliant with sub-millisecond control latency and a C/C++ and Python SDK for xApps.

What would settle it

A reader could falsify the claim by repeating the Section 3.5 iPerf tests with the same radio units and a commercial UE under a standard multipath channel model with multiple trials: if typical (for example, median) downlink throughput falls well below the reported 1.2–1.6 Gbps range, or if the 25-UE attach stress test shows drops, the reliability claim collapses.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that OAI is a comprehensive implementation of 3GPP- and O-RAN-compliant networks, with code covering the RAN (CU and DU), a 5G core with 11 network functions, a software-defined UE, the flexRIC near-real-time RIC, and O1/E2/F1/E1/7.2 interfaces. The paper reports peak throughput of 1.61 Gbps downlink and 143 Mbps uplink with a simulated RU and perfect-channel model, 1.3 Gbps downlink over the air with a VVDN O-RU and OAI Layer 1, 1.2 Gbps with a Foxconn RU and NVIDIA Aerial Layer 1, about 650 Mbps with a USRP SDR, and up to 70 Mbps for the OAI soft-UE, plus stress tests sustaining 25 to 55 attached UEs. It also documents demonstrations in non-terrestrial networks, FR-2, sidelink, network slicing, positioning, FR3, and sub-THz spectrum. The paper's thesis is that this breadth makes OAI the natural platform for 6G research, and that 6G's challenges require open-source community effort.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is that the throughput and reliability numbers in Section 3.5—taken from a selection of configurations, with the best simulated figures using an "ExcellentRadioConditions" channel model and no error bars—are representative of OAI's real-world performance.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • If OAI becomes the reference 6G implementation, researchers can prototype 6G features—such as NTN, FR-2 beamforming, sidelink, positioning, and network slicing—before commercial 6G hardware exists.
  • Because OAI includes a programmable soft-UE that has been made to work with a third-party gNB, end-to-end experiments can vary both network and terminal behavior, which is rare in open stacks.
  • The paper's performance results imply that OAI is close to production-grade peak throughput in selected configurations, making it a plausible baseline for 6G performance studies.
  • The OAI Public License's patent-grant clause is intended to let 3GPP standard-essential-patent holders contribute code under FRAND terms, which would make open-source implementations more sustainable in 6G standardization.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The paper leaves implicit that if OAI indeed becomes the reference 6G implementation, standardization debates could become more empirical: measurements from open testbeds could be cited inside 3GPP as evidence for or against candidate technologies.
  • A natural next step the paper does not take is a community benchmark suite with standard channel models, published error bars, and repeated trials; without it, the reported peak numbers are hard to compare across sites.
  • The same open stack could serve as a neutral interoperability checker for the O-RAN ecosystem, letting operators test multi-vendor CUs, DUs, RUs, and RICs against a reference implementation.
  • For 6G research areas like integrated sensing and communication, the programmable soft-UE will likely be as important as the RAN; the paper's roadmap emphasizes RAN and core features more than UE sensing extensions.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 6 minor

Summary. The paper describes OpenAirInterface (OAI), an open-source project that implements 3GPP- and O-RAN-compatible 5G RAN, core network, and software-defined UE components. It reviews the project's history, licensing model, current architecture and feature set, development methodology, CI/CD process, performance measurements, and several end-to-end testbeds. The paper's stated vision is for OAI to become the definitive reference implementation for 6G, and it surveys OAI-related research in spectrum, air-interface enhancements, architecture, energy efficiency, security, and NTN as steps toward that goal.

Significance. If the claim that OAI can serve as the definitive 6G reference implementation is substantiated, the paper documents a valuable open-source resource for academic and industrial 6G research. The paper's strengths include a detailed, public description of the software architecture, a transparent discussion of the CI/CD-based development process, and explicit caveats about the limits of the performance measurements (e.g., the note that CI/CD pipelines are for stability testing, not throughput maximization). The paper also points to reproducible artifacts: public GitLab repositories, Docker images, and multiple openly accessible testbeds. However, the quantitative evidence for "production-ready" performance is thin and partly simulated, and the 6G claims are largely aspirational. The paper is more of a project report than a technical contribution, and its significance depends on the credibility of the performance and reliability evidence, which is not independently established.

major comments (3)
  1. [Section 3.5] The performance evidence in Section 3.5 is not sufficient to support the "production-ready" or "definitive reference implementation" claims in Sections 4.2 and 6. The text states that Figure 4 presents "a selection of configurations," and the best DL/UL numbers (1.61 Gbps/143 Mbps) were obtained with Keysight RuSIM/CoreSIM emulation using the ExcellentRadioConditions channel model, a deliberately favorable full-rank, high-SNR channel. No error bars, number of runs, or confidence intervals are reported for any of the measurements. The 25-UE and 55-UE stress tests are each described in a single sentence without a repeatability protocol, and Figure 6 shows commit-to-commit throughput scatter of roughly 20-70 Mbps with no summary statistics. The paper itself notes that the CI/CD pipelines "are not designed to maximize throughput... primary purpose is to test code stability." These numbers therefore cannot bear the weight of a claim about sustained peak or reliable capability.
  2. [Section 3.5] The throughput comparison across configurations is confounded by unequal test conditions. The sim-arc case uses 12 DL and 1 UL symbols, the vvdn-oai, bntl-oai, and sdr-oai cases use 8 DL and 2 UL symbols, and the fxn-arc case does not utilize the special slot. Since DL throughput scales with the number of DL symbols, the differences between the simulated 1.61 Gbps and the OTA 1.3/1.2 Gbps results are at least partly attributable to TDD pattern and symbol allocation rather than to underlying platform capability. The paper should either report comparable TDD configurations or normalize throughput (e.g., by spectral efficiency) before drawing conclusions about relative performance.
  3. [Section 6] The central claim that OAI "can be established as the definitive reference implementation for 6G" is a vision statement rather than a substantiated result. The paper does not define metrics, benchmarks, or a comparative evaluation process against other open-source stacks (e.g., srsRAN) by which "definitive" status could be assessed. Moreover, Section 5 shows that most 6G-related capabilities (NTN, FR-2, network slicing, massive MIMO, sidelink) are either in the roadmap, in early integration, or demonstrated only in external research projects, not in the official develop branch. As a result, the evidence for the paper's headline claim is qualitative and forward-looking.
minor comments (6)
  1. [Figure 3 caption] The caption reads "OAI 5GC Compoments"; "Compoments" should be "Components."
  2. [Section 2.1] The phrase "OAI's own implementation of the near near-RT RIC" contains a duplicated "near."
  3. [Section 2.4] The sentence ending "providing exposure, and communication enhancements" is ungrammatical and should be revised.
  4. [Section 1.2] "5G Non Standalone (NSA)" should be "5G Non-Standalone (NSA)" for consistency with standard terminology.
  5. [References] Several references lack complete bibliographic information, e.g., [12] has no URL, and some workshop/demo references (e.g., [28], [34]) are given as presentation titles without a persistent DOI or URL. Please make the reference list self-contained.
  6. [Section 3.1] The phrase "OSA, as the foremost open-source community in cellular wireless" is a promotional claim that is not supported by the cited evidence; consider a more measured formulation.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity: the paper is a descriptive platform survey whose capability claims rest on feature enumeration, cited prior work, and self-reported measurements, not on a derivation that returns its own inputs.

full rationale

This manuscript is a descriptive and forward-looking paper about the OpenAirInterface project. It contains no mathematical derivation chain, no fitted parameters, no empirical model whose coefficients are reused as predictions, and no uniqueness theorem invoked to force a conclusion. The central claims, such as OAI providing a comprehensive 3GPP and O-RAN compliant RAN, CN, and soft-UE, are existence and feature statements supported by specification lists, software repositories, and interoperability demonstrations with named third-party systems. The performance measurements in Section 3.5 are self-reported, but they are presented as measurements from specific hardware configurations (Foxconn, Benetel, VVDN, Keysight RuSIM/CoreSIM, USRPs) and are not constructed quantities that equal the paper's input assumptions. The paper even discloses the limits of its CI/CD figures: 'these pipelines are not designed to maximize throughput, as their primary purpose is to test code stability,' which is the opposite of concealing a fitted parameter as a result. Self-citations, such as [9] for OAI's history and [35] for FlexRIC, point to prior published work and do not carry a load-bearing inference by themselves. Concerns about whether the selected performance numbers are representative are validity or evidence-quality concerns, not circularity. Therefore no specific circular step can be exhibited, and the appropriate score is 0.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The paper introduces no new physical or mathematical entities. Its central claims rest on domain assumptions about the trajectory of 6G standardization and the role of open-source software, plus the unstated assumption that the authors' own performance measurements are representative. There are no fitted parameters or invented constructs.

assumptions (3)
  • domain assumption 6G networks will rely much more on open-source software than previous generations.
    Stated in Section 1 as a 'fact' without evidence, it is the foundation for the paper's thesis that OAI is essential for 6G.
  • ad hoc to paper The challenges of 6G can only be tackled by a community effort based on open-source components.
    Section 1, this is an opinion presented as a conclusion; it is not derived from any empirical result and functions as a premise for the paper's argument.
  • domain assumption The OAI Public License enables Standard Essential Patent holders to contribute software without violating OSI open-source principles.
    Section 1.2 describes the license and its legal rationale, but no legal analysis or independent evidence is provided to show that the FRAND-based clause achieves this goal.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Driving Innovation in 6G Wireless Technologies: The OpenAirInterface Approach." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/HVR3S4NE

@misc{pith2026241213295,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Driving Innovation in 6G Wireless Technologies: The OpenAirInterface Approach},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/HVR3S4NE}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2412.13295}
}
read the original abstract

The development of 6G wireless technologies is rapidly advancing, with the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) entering the pre-standardization phase and aiming to deliver the first specifications by 2028. This paper explores the OpenAirInterface (OAI) project, an open-source initiative that plays a crucial role in the evolution of 5G and future 6G networks. OAI provides a comprehensive implementation of 3GPP and O-RAN compliant networks, including Radio Access Network (RAN), Core Network (CN), and software-defined User Equipment (UE) components. This paper details the history and evolution of OAI, its licensing model, and the various projects under its umbrella, such as RAN, the CN, and the Operations, Administration and Maintenance (OAM) projects. It also highlights the development methodology, Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) processes, and end-to-end systems powered by OAI. Furthermore, the paper discusses the potential of OAI for 6G research, focusing on spectrum, reflective intelligent surfaces, and Artificial Intelligence (AI)/Machine Learning (ML) integration. The open-source approach of OAI is emphasized as essential for tackling the challenges of 6G, fostering community collaboration, and driving innovation in next-generation wireless technologies.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2412.13295 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Simplified schematic of a 5G network showing which parts are covered by the OAI [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. 5G RAN architecture including O-RAN interfaces [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. OAI 5GC Compoments [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (4 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Performance profiling of peak DL and UL throughput using iPerf. The configurations [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_4.png]
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Performance profiling leveraging X5G with OAI NVIDIA Aerial and Keysight [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_5.png]
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: History of the DL and UL throughput measured in the Colosseum pipeline. The [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_6.png]
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: OAI and its role in the Open6G architecture deployed within Colosseum. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_7.png]

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Experimental Insights from OpenAirInterface 5G positioning Testbeds: Challenges and solutions

    cs.NI 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Three real-world 5G testbeds using OpenAirInterface achieve 1-2 m positioning accuracy in 90% of cases via filtered UL-TDoA with PSO, plus CIR-based fingerprinting for NLoS cases.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

113 extracted references · 64 canonical work pages · cited by 1 Pith paper

  1. [1]

    D. C. Larsson, A. Gr¨ ovlen, S. Parkvall, O. Liberg, 6G standardization – an overview of timeline and high-level technology principles, Ericsson Blog (Mar. 2024). URL https://www.ericsson.com/en/blog/2024/3/6g- standardization-timeline-and-technology-principles

    2024

  2. [2]

    International Telecommunication Union, Framework and overall objec- tives of the future development of IMT for 2030 and beyond, Recommen- dation ITU-R M.2160-0 (Nov. 2023)

    2023

  3. [3]

    Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, 6G position statement - an operator view (Sep. 2023). URL https://www.ngmn.org/wp-content/uploads/NGMN_6G_ Position_Statement.pdf

    2023

  4. [4]

    Dixit, J

    V. Dixit, J. Plachy, K. Sun, A. Ikami, E. O. K. Lee, O-RAN towards 6G, resreport RR-2023-01, O-RAN next Generation Research Group (nGRG) (2023). URL https://mediastorage.o-ran.org/ngrg-rr/nGRG-RR-2023-01- O-RAN-Towards-6G-v1_3.pdf

    2023

  5. [5]

    Kerboeuf, P

    S. Kerboeuf, P. Porambage, A. Jain, P. Rugeland, G. Wikstr¨ om, M. Er- icson, D. Thai Bui, A. Outtagarts, H. Karvonen, P. Alemany, R. Mu˜ noz, R. Vilalta, P. Botsinis, A. Ramos, J. Castaneda Cisneros, M. Karaca, C. Karousatou, S. Barmpounakis, P. Demestichas, A. Zafeiropoulos, I. Tzanettis, S. Papavassiliou, P. G. Giardina, G. Landi, B. Han, A. Nimr, M. A...

    work page arXiv 2024

  6. [6]

    O-RAN Alliance (Nov. 2024). [link]. URL https://www.o-ran.org/

    2024

  7. [7]

    A. Bhat, N. Gupta, J. Thaliath, R. Banerji, V. Sapru, S. Singh, Role of Open-Source in 6G Wireless Networks, in: 6G Mobile Wireless Networks, Springer, 2021, pp. 379–392

    2021

  8. [8]

    Bonati, M

    L. Bonati, M. Polese, S. D’Oro, S. Basagni, T. Melodia, Open, Programmable, and Virtualized 5G Networks: State-of-the-Art and the Road Ahead, Computer Networks 182 (2020) 107516. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2020.107516. URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1389128620311786 27

    arXiv 2020

Show all 113 references
  1. [9]

    Kaltenberger, A

    F. Kaltenberger, A. P. Silva, A. Gosain, L. Wang, T.-T. Nguyen, OpenAirInterface: Democratizing innovation in the 5G Era, Computer Networks 176 (2020) 107284. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j. comnet.2020.107284. URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1389128619314410

    2020

  2. [10]

    Zayen, F

    B. Zayen, F. Kaltenberger, R. Knopp, Opportunistic Spectrum Sharing and White Space Access: The Practical Reality, Wiley, 2015, Ch. Ope- nAirInterface and ExpressMIMO2 for spectrally agile communication

    2015

  3. [11]

    ETTUS Research, The universal software radio peripheral USRP Software Defined Radio Device (Nov. 2024). URL https://www.ettus.com/

    2024

  4. [12]

    Nikaein, R

    N. Nikaein, R. Knopp, F. Kaltenberger, L. Gauthier, C. Bonnet, D. Nuss- baum, R. Ghaddab, OpenAirInterface 4G: an open LTE network in a PC, in: Proceedings of the 20th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking (MobiCom ’14), Maui, 2014. URL http://www....

    2014

  5. [13]

    URL https://openairinterface.org/osa-board-members/

    OpenAirInterface Software Alliance, Our people, online (2024). URL https://openairinterface.org/osa-board-members/

    2024

  6. [14]

    Small Cell Forum, 5G F API: PHY API Specification, techreport 222.10.04 (November 2021)

    2021

  7. [15]

    URL https://openairinterface.org/news/o-ran-alliance-and- openairinterface-software-alliance-expand-cooperation-on- developing-open-software-for-the-ran/

    OpenAirInterface Software Alliance, O-RAN ALLIANCE and Ope- nAirInterface software alliance expand cooperation on developing open software for the RAN (2024). URL https://openairinterface.org/news/o-ran-alliance-and- openairinterface-software-alliance-expand-cooperation-on- de...

    2024

  8. [16]

    URL https://openairinterface.org/news/lf-networking- and-openairinterface-software-alliance-sign-mou-with- openairinterface/

    OpenAirInterface Software Alliance, LF networking and openairinterface software alliance sign MoU (2024). URL https://openairinterface.org/news/lf-networking- and-openairinterface-software-alliance-sign-mou-with- openairinterface/

    2024

  9. [17]

    Small Cell Forum. [link]. URL https://www.smallcellforum.org/

  10. [18]

    The Open Source Initiative, website (Nov. 2024). URL http://www.opensource.org

    2024

  11. [19]

    URL https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl- 2.0.en.html 28

    Free Software Foundation, GNU general public license, version 2 (2024). URL https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl- 2.0.en.html 28

    2024

  12. [20]

    URL https://openairinterface.org/legal/oai-public-license/

    OpenAirInterface Software Alliance, OAI public license v1.1 (2024). URL https://openairinterface.org/legal/oai-public-license/

    2024

  13. [21]

    URL https://ipr.etsi.org/

    European Telecommunications Standards Institute, IPR online database (2024). URL https://ipr.etsi.org/

    2024

  14. [22]

    URL https://www.srsran.com/

    Software Radio Systems, The srsRAN project. URL https://www.srsran.com/

  15. [23]

    Amini, C

    M. Amini, C. Rosenberg, Performance Analysis and Comparison of Full- Fledged 5G Standalone Experimental TDD Testbeds in Single & Multi-UE Scenarios (2024). arXiv:2407.02341. URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.02341

    2024 arXiv

  16. [24]

    R. P. Alves, J. G. A. da S. Alves, M. R. Camelo, W. O. de Feitosa, V. F. Monteiro, F. R. P. Cavalcanti, Experimental comparison of 5G SDR platforms: srsRAN x OpenAirInterface (2024). arXiv:2406.01485. URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.01485

    2024 arXiv

  17. [25]

    URL https://free5gc.org/

    Linux Foundation, Open Source 5G Core Network Implementation. URL https://free5gc.org/

  18. [26]

    URL https://open5gs.org/

    Open Source implementation for 5G Core and EPC. URL https://open5gs.org/

  19. [27]

    URL https://openairinterface.org/projects/

    OpenAirInterface Software Alliance, OpenAirInterface projects (2024). URL https://openairinterface.org/projects/

    2024

  20. [28]

    OpenAirInterface Software Alliance, End-to-End Over-the-Air 5G Demo with OAI CU-DU and LITEON O-RU, O-RAN F2F Meeting, June 2023, Osaka, Japan (Jun. 2023)

    2023

  21. [29]

    Villa, I

    D. Villa, I. Khan, F. Kaltenberger, N. Hedberg, R. S. da Silva, A. Kelkar, C. Dick, S. Basagni, J. M. Jornet, T. Melodia, M. Polese, D. Koutsoniko- las, An Open, Programmable, Multi-vendor 5G O-RAN Testbed with NVIDIA ARC and OpenAirInterface, in: Proc. of the 2nd Workshop on ...

    2024

  22. [30]

    OpenAirInterface Software Alliance, NVIDIA ARC with OAI L2+ for next generation innovation, O-RAN F2F Meeting, June 2023, Osaka, Japan (Jun. 2023)

    2023

  23. [31]

    OpenAirInterface Software Alliance, End-to-End 5G Demo featuring Lookaside Acceleration of LDPC Encode/Decode and O-RAN F1 and 7.2 Splits, O-RAN F2F Meeting, October 2023, Phoenix, AZ, USA (Oct. 2023). 29

    2023

  24. [32]

    OpenAirInterface Software Alliance, Showcasing Fronthaul 7.2 and Looka- side Hardware Acceleration of 5G, O-RAN F2F Meeting, February 2024, Athens, Greece (Feb. 2024)

    2024

  25. [33]

    Schmidt, M

    R. Schmidt, M. Irazabal, N. Nikaein, Improving QoE using OSC near-RT RIC and OAI 5G RAN leveraging O-RAN E2 KPM and RC SMs, O-RAN F2F meeting, Phoenix (AZ), United States (Oct. 2023)

    2023

  26. [34]

    OpenAirInterface Software Alliance, Improving QoE using OSC near-RT RIC and OAI 5G RAN leveraging O-RAN E2SM-KPM and E2SM-RC, O-RAN F2F Meeting, October 2023, Phoenix, AZ, USA (Oct. 2023)

    2023

  27. [35]

    Schmidt, M

    R. Schmidt, M. Irazabal, N. Nikaein, FlexRIC: an SDK for next-generation SD-RANs, in: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Emerg- ing Networking EXperiments and Technologies, CoNEXT ’21, Associa- tion for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2021, p. 411–425....

    2021

  28. [36]

    OpenAirInterface Software Alliance, Improving QoE using O-RAN com- pliant near-RT RIC, KPM v03.00 and RC v01.03 SMs in an online multi- player game, O-RAN F2F Meeting, June 2023, Osaka, Japan (Jun. 2023)

    2023

  29. [37]

    M. Kasparik, Non-real-time Control of OpenAirInterface using the O- RAN O1-interface, Joint OSC/OSFG-OAI Workshop: End-to-End Refer- ence Designs for O-RAN, Boston (MA), United States (Nov. 2023)

    2023

  30. [38]

    OpenAirInterface Software Alliance, 5G RAN management through an SMO/non-RT RIC via the O1 interface, O-RAN F2F Meeting, October 2023, Phoenix, AZ, USA (Oct. 2023)

    2023

  31. [39]

    URL https://open5gs.org

    Open5GS, Open5GS website, accessed August 2024 (2024). URL https://open5gs.org

    2024

  32. [40]

    URL https://free5gc.org/

    free5GC, free5GC website (2024). URL https://free5gc.org/

    2024

  33. [41]

    URL https://gitlab.eurecom.fr/oai/openairinterface5g/

    OpenAirInterface Software Alliance, OpenAirInterface git repository (2024). URL https://gitlab.eurecom.fr/oai/openairinterface5g/

    2024

  34. [42]

    Kumar, A

    S. Kumar, A. Abdalla, O. Kodheli, J. Querol, S. Chatzinotas, T. Schlichter, G. Casati, T. Heyn, F. Volk, S. Kaya, et al., 5G-NTN GEO- based in-lab demonstrator using openairinterface 5G, in: 11th Advanced Satellite Multimedia Conference, 2022

    2022

  35. [43]

    Kumar, A

    S. Kumar, A. K. Meshram, A. Astro, J. Querol, T. Schlichter, G. Casati, T. Heyn, F. V¨ olk, R. T. Schwarz, A. Knopp, et al., OpenAirInterface as a platform for 5G-NTN Research and Experimentation, in: 2022 IEEE Future Networks World Forum (FNWF), IEEE, 2022, pp. 500–506. 30

    2022

  36. [44]

    Kumar, O

    S. Kumar, O. Kodheli, A. Astro, J. Querol, S. Chatzinotas, G. Casati, T. Schlichter, T. Heyn, H. Cheporniuk, F. V¨ olk, et al., 5G-NTN GEO- based over-the-air demonstrator using openairinterface, in: 39th Interna- tional Communications Satellite Systems Conference (ICSSC 2022)...

    2022

  37. [45]

    TMYTEK, mmW-OAI (Jul. 2024). URL https://tmytek.com/solutions/mmW-OAI

    2024

  38. [46]

    Cheng, S

    H. Cheng, S. D’Oro, R. Gangula, S. Velumani, D. Villa, L. Bonati, M. Polese, G. Arrobo, C. Maciocco, T. Melodia, ORANSlice: An Open- Source 5G Network Slicing Platform for O-RAN, in: Open-AI RAN ’24: Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on Open and AI RAN, Washing- ton, D.C., U...

    2024 arXiv

  39. [47]

    5G-OPERA Project Consortium, Time-Sensitive Networks, QoS, Deliv- erable D5.2 (Dec. 2024). URL https://franco-german-5g-ecosystem.eu/deliverables-or- reports/

    2024

  40. [48]

    Malik, M

    A. Malik, M. Ahadi, F. Kaltenberger, K. Warnke, N. T. Thinh, N. Bouk- nana, C. Thienot, G. Onche, S. Arora, From Concept to Reality: 5G Positioning with Open-Source Implementation of UL-TDoA in OpenAir- Interface, arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.05217 (2024)

    2024 arXiv

  41. [49]

    Elkadi, D

    M. Elkadi, D. Kim, E. Ahmed, A. Le, M. Sadeghi, P. Russell, B. Ryu, Open Source-Based Over-the-Air 5G New Radio Sidelink Testbed, in: MILCOM 2023 - 2023 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MIL- COM), 2023, pp. 63–70. doi:10.1109/MILCOM58377.2023.10356257

    2023

  42. [50]

    Mehlhose, An open source 6G testbed for FR2 Sidelink as well as Joint Communication and Sensing research, OpenAirInterface 10th Anniversary Workshop (Sep

    M. Mehlhose, An open source 6G testbed for FR2 Sidelink as well as Joint Communication and Sensing research, OpenAirInterface 10th Anniversary Workshop (Sep. 2024)

    2024

  43. [52]

    Foukas, B

    X. Foukas, B. Radunovic, M. Balkwill, Z. Lai, C. Settle, Programmable RAN Platform for Flexible Real-Time Control and Telemetry, in: Pro- ceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference on Mobile Com- puting and Networking, ACM MobiCom ’23, Association for Computing Machi...

    2023

  44. [53]

    W.-H. Ko, U. Ghosh, U. Dinesha, R. Wu, S. Shakkottai, D. Bharadia, EdgeRIC: Empowering real-time intelligent optimization and control in 31 NextG cellular networks, in: 21st USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 24), USENIX Association, Santa Cl...

    2024

  45. [54]

    Vladic, RAN control of UE-specific DRB-level QoS attributes, Joint OSC/OSFG-OAI Workshop: End-to-End Reference Designs for O-RAN, Boston (MA), United States (Nov

    T. Vladic, RAN control of UE-specific DRB-level QoS attributes, Joint OSC/OSFG-OAI Workshop: End-to-End Reference Designs for O-RAN, Boston (MA), United States (Nov. 2023)

    2023

  46. [55]

    2024) [cited 05.11.2024]

    srsRAN, O-RAN NearRT-RIC and xApp, online (Nov. 2024) [cited 05.11.2024]. URL https://docs.srsran.com/projects/project/en/latest/ tutorials/source/near-rt-ric/source/index.html

    2024

  47. [56]

    Feraudo, S

    A. Feraudo, S. Maxenti, A. Lacava, P. Bellavista, M. Polese, T. Melodia, xDevSM: Streamlining xApp Development With a Flexible Framework for O-RAN E2 Service Models, in: Proceedings of ACM WiNTECH, Wash- ington, DC, USA, 2024

    2024

  48. [57]

    Yonan, RIC-TaaP: RIC testing as a platform, OpenAirInterface 10th Anniversary Workshop , Biot , France (Sep

    M. Yonan, RIC-TaaP: RIC testing as a platform, OpenAirInterface 10th Anniversary Workshop , Biot , France (Sep. 2024)

    2024

  49. [58]

    OpenAirInterface Software Alliance, OpenAirInterface feature set (Nov. 2024). URL https://gitlab.eurecom.fr/oai/openairinterface5g/-/blob/ develop/doc/FEATURE_SET.md

    2024

  50. [59]

    Mongazon, L

    B. Mongazon, L. Thomas, Compliance of OAI Soft UE to Nokia gNB, OpenAirInterface 10th anniversary workshop (2024)

    2024

  51. [60]

    3GPP, Physical layer procedures for control, Technical Specification 38.213 v18.4 (Sep. 2024)

    2024

  52. [61]

    3GPP, Physical layer procedures for data, Technical Specification 38.214 v18.4 (Sep. 2024)

    2024

  53. [62]

    Kumar, C

    S. Kumar, C. K. Sheemar, J. Querol, T. Yilmaz, S. Chatzinotas, M. Ham- mouda, T. Heyn, T. Schlichter, P. Marques, L. Pereira, R. Magueta, A. Kapovits, S. Cioni, M. Conti, 5G NTN LEO based demonstrator us- ing openairinterface 5G, in: 40th International Communications Satel- li...

    2023

  54. [63]

    J. A. del Peral-Rosado, A. Y. Yildirim, A. Soderini, R. Mundlamuri, F. Kaltenberger, E. Rastorgueva-Foi, J. Talvitie, I. Lapin, D. Flachs, Ini- tial Experimentation of a Real-Time 5G mmWave Downlink Positioning Testbed, in: Engineering Proceedings, 2024. 32

    2024

  55. [64]

    J. A. del Peral-Rosado, S. Schl¨ otzer, E. Ince, P. Nolle, F. Kaltenberger, N. Sirola, S. Garlaschi, L. Canzian, I. Lapin, D. Flachs, Sub-Meter Hybrid Positioning with Flying 5G Networks and Synchronization Corrections, in: ION GNSS+, Technical meeting and showcase of GNSS tec...

    2024

  56. [65]

    Palam` a, S

    I. Palam` a, S. Bartoletti, G. Bianchi, N. Blefari Melazzi, Experimental as- sessment of SDR-based 5G positioning: methodologies and insights, An- nals of Telecommunications (2023) 1–13

    2023

  57. [66]

    Mundlamuri, R

    R. Mundlamuri, R. Gangula, F. Kaltenberger, R. Knopp, Novel Round Trip Time Estimation in 5G NR, in: 2024 IEEE Global Communications Conference: Wireless Communications (Globecom 2024 WC), Cape Town, South Africa, 2024, available as arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.19618

    2024 arXiv

  58. [67]

    ETSI, Open Source MANO (Dec. 2024). URL https://osm.etsi.org/

    2024

  59. [68]

    Open Network Automation Platform (ONAP), ONAP Project (Nov. 2024). URL https://www.onap.org/

    2024

  60. [69]

    Sylva Community, Sylva Project (Nov. 2024). URL https://sylvaproject.org/

    2024

  61. [70]

    Nephio Community, Nephio Project (Nov. 2024). URL https://nephio.org/

    2024

  62. [71]

    OpenAirInterface Software Alliance, OpenAirInterface CI/CD test- benches (Nov. 2024). URL https://gitlab.eurecom.fr/oai/openairinterface5g/-/blob/ develop/doc/TESTBenches.md

    2024

  63. [72]

    URL https://openrangym.com/

    OpenRAN Gym, OpenRAN Gym Website, accessed August 2024 (2024). URL https://openrangym.com/

    2024

  64. [73]

    OpenAirInterface Software Alliance, OSA docker repositories (Nov. 2024). URL https://hub.docker.com/u/oaisoftwarealliance

    2024

  65. [74]

    Gemmi, M

    G. Gemmi, M. Polese, P. Johari, S. Maxenti, M. Seltser, T. Melodia, Open6G OTIC: A Blueprint for Programmable O-RAN and 3GPP Testing Infrastructure (October 2024). URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.02237

    2024 arXiv

  66. [75]

    Villa, I

    D. Villa, I. Khan, F. Kaltenberger, N. Hedberg, R. S. da Silva, S. Max- enti, L. Bonati, A. Kelkar, C. Dick, E. Baena, J. M. Jornet, T. Melo- dia, M. Polese, D. Koutsonikolas, X5G: An Open, Programmable, Multi- vendor, End-to-end, Private 5G O-RAN Testbed with NVIDIA ARC and O...

    2024 arXiv

  67. [76]

    URL https://jenkins-oai.eurecom.fr/

    OpenAirInterface Software Alliance, OpenAirInterface CI pipelines (2024). URL https://jenkins-oai.eurecom.fr/

    2024

  68. [77]

    URL https://docs.nvidia.com/aerial/aerial-ran-colab- ota/current/index.html

    NVIDIA, Aerial RAN co-lab over-the-air (ARC-OTA) (2024). URL https://docs.nvidia.com/aerial/aerial-ran-colab- ota/current/index.html

    2024

  69. [78]

    Fdida, N

    S. Fdida, N. Makris, T. Korakis, R. Bruno, A. Passarella, P. An- dreou, B. Belter, C. Crettaz, W. Dabbous, Y. Demchenko, R. Knopp, SLICES, a scientific instrument for the network- ing community, Computer Communications 193 (2022) 189–203. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2...

    2022 doi

  70. [79]

    URL https://doc.slices-sc.eu/blueprint/5g_blueprint.html

    SLICES Starting Community, SLICES 5G blueprint (2024). URL https://doc.slices-sc.eu/blueprint/5g_blueprint.html

    2024

  71. [80]

    EURECOM, Drone4Wireless lab (Nov. 2024). URL https://www.drone4wireless.com/home

    2024

  72. [81]

    Gangula, O

    R. Gangula, O. Esrafilian, D. Gesbert, C. Roux, F. Kaltenberger, R. Knopp, Flying Rebots: First Results on an Autonomous UA V-Based LTE Relay Using Open Airinterface, in: 2018 IEEE 19th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPA WC), 2...

    2018

  73. [82]

    Mundlamuri, O

    R. Mundlamuri, O. Esrafilian, R. Gangula, R. Kharade, C. Roux, F. Kaltenberger, R. Knopp, D. Gesbert, Integrated Access and Back- haul in 5G with Aerial Distributed Unit using OpenAirInterface (2023). arXiv:2305.05983. URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.05983

    2023 arXiv

  74. [83]

    E. Moro, M. Polese, A. Capone, T. Melodia, An Open RAN Framework for the Dynamic Control of 5G Service Level Agreements, in: IEEE Confer- ence on Network Function Virtualization and Software Defined Networks (NFV-SDN), Dresden, Germany, 2023

    2023

  75. [84]

    URL https://www.advancedwireless.org

    Platforms for Advanced Wireless Research, Platforms for Advanced Wire- less Research website, accessed August 2024 (2024). URL https://www.advancedwireless.org

    2024

  76. [85]

    Bonati, P

    L. Bonati, P. Johari, M. Polese, S. D’Oro, S. Mohanti, M. Tehrani- Moayyed, D. Villa, S. Shrivastava, C. Tassie, K. Yoder, A. Bagga, P. Pa- tel, V. Petkov, M. Seltser, F. Restuccia, A. Gosain, K. R. Chowdhury, S. Basagni, T. Melodia, Colosseum: Large-Scale Wireless Experimenta...

    2021

  77. [86]

    Villa, M

    D. Villa, M. Tehrani-Moayyed, C. P. Robinson, L. Bonati, P. Jo- hari, M. Polese, S. Basagni, T. Melodia, Colosseum as a Digital Twin: Bridging Real-World Experimentation and Wireless Network Emulation, arXiv:2303.17063 [cs.NI] (2023) 1–16

    2023 arXiv

  78. [87]

    Polese, L

    M. Polese, L. Bonati, S. D’Oro, P. Johari, D. Villa, S. Velumani, R. Gan- gula, M. Tsampazi, C. P. Robinson, G. Gemmi, et al., Colosseum: The Open RAN Digital Twin, IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society (2024)

    2024

  79. [88]

    Bonati, M

    L. Bonati, M. Polese, S. D’Oro, P. Brach del Prever, T. Melodia, 5G-CT: Automated Deployment and Over-the-Air Testing of End-to-End Open Radio Access Networks, arXiv:2311.03206 [cs.NI] (2023) 1–7

    2023 arXiv

  80. [89]

    URL https://www.powderwireless.net/5g

    Platform for Open Wireless Data-driven Experimental Research, 5G on powder, online (2024). URL https://www.powderwireless.net/5g

    2024

  81. [90]

    J. O. Boateng, T. Zhang, G. Zu, T. U. Islam, S. Babu, H. Zhang, D. Qiao, AraSDR: End-to-end, fully-programmable living lab for 5G and beyond, in: ICC 2024-IEEE International Conference on Communications, IEEE, 2024, pp. 1758–1763

    2024

  82. [91]

    Zhang, J

    T. Zhang, J. O. Boateng, T. U. Islam, A. Ahmad, H. Zhang, D. Qiao, Ara-O-RAN: End-to-end programmable O-RAN living lab for agriculture and rural communities, in: IEEE INFOCOM 2024-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), IEEE, 2024, pp. 1–6

    2024

  83. [92]

    Ofori Boateng, T

    J. Ofori Boateng, T. Zhang, G. Zu, T. U. Islam, S. Babu, F. Kaltenberger, R. Schmidt, H. Zhang, D. Qiao, AraRACH: enhancing NextG random access reliability in programmable wireless living labs, in: 2025 IEEE 11th International Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft) (Ne...

    2025

  84. [93]

    Moore, A

    J. Moore, A. S. Abdalla, C. Ueltschey, V. Marojevic, Prototyping O- RAN Enabled UA V Experimentation for the AERPA W Testbed (2024). arXiv:2411.04027. URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.04027

    2024 arXiv

  85. [94]

    Marques, L

    P. Marques, L. Pereira, T. Alves, A. Dhananjav, N. Pandeya, OpenAir- Interface for FR3 experimentation, Webinar (Mar. 2025). URL https://openairinterface.org/openairinterface-for-fr3- experimentation/

    2025

  86. [95]

    Gangula, A

    R. Gangula, A. Lacava, M. Polese, S. D’Oro, L. Bonati, F. Kaltenberger, P. Johari, T. Melodia, Listen-While-Talking: toward dApp-Based Real- Time spectrum sharing in O-RAN, in: 2024 IEEE Military Communica- tions Conference (MILCOM 2024), Washington, USA, 2024, p. 2. 35

    2024

  87. [96]

    Mundlamuri, S

    R. Mundlamuri, S. Badran, R. Gangula, F. Kaltenberger, J. M. Jor- net, T. Melodia, 5G over terahertz using openairinterface, in: 2024 19th Wireless On-Demand Network Systems and Services Conference (WONS), IEEE, 2024, pp. 29–32

    2024

  88. [97]

    Cheng, P

    H. Cheng, P. Johari, M. A. Arfaoui, F. Periard, P. Pietraski, G. Zhang, T. Melodia, Real-Time AI-Enabled CSI Feedback Experimentation with Open RAN, in: Proc. of IEEE/IFIP Wireless On-demand Network sys- tems and Services Conference (WONS), Chamonix, France, 2024

    2024

  89. [98]

    Ramantas, A

    K. Ramantas, A. N. Bikos, W. Nitzold, S. Pollin, A. Ksentini, S. Mayrar- gue, V. Theodorou, L. Christofi, G. Gardikis, M. A. Rahman, A. Chawla, F. Iba˜ nez, I. Chochliouros, D. Nicholson, Mario, Montagudand, A. Sho- jaeifard, A. Pagkotzidis, C. Verikoukis, 6G-BRICKS: Building ...

    2023

  90. [99]

    Bonati, M

    L. Bonati, M. Polese, S. D’Oro, S. Basagni, T. Melodia, OpenRAN Gym: AI/ML development, data collection, and testing for O-RAN on PA WR platforms, Computer Networks 220 (2023) 109502

    2023

  91. [100]

    Boutiba, M

    K. Boutiba, M. Bagaa, A. Ksentini, On enabling 5G dynamic TDD by leveraging deep reinforcement learning and O-RAN, in: NOMS 2023-2023 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium, IEEE, 2023, pp. 1–3

    2023

  92. [101]

    Lacava, L

    A. Lacava, L. Bonati, N. Mohamadi, R. Gangula, F. Kaltenberger, P. Jo- hari, S. D’Oro, F. Cuomo, M. Polese, T. Melodia, dApps: Enabling Real- Time AI-Based Open RAN Control (2025). arXiv:2501.16502. URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.16502

    2025

  93. [102]

    Mohammadi, N

    A. Mohammadi, N. Nikaein, Athena: An Intelligent Multi-x Cloud Native Network Operator, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 42 (2) (2024) 460–472. doi:10.1109/JSAC.2023.3336172

    2024

  94. [103]

    Shankaranarayanan, Z

    N. Shankaranarayanan, Z. Li, I. Seskar, P. Maddala, S. Puthenpura, A. Stancu, A. Agarwal, POET: A Platform for O-RAN Energy Effi- ciency Testing, in: 2024 IEEE 100th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2024-Fall), IEEE, 2024, pp. 1–5

    2024

  95. [104]

    Martins, A

    S. Martins, A. Aguiar, P. Steenkiste, A Methodology and Testbed to De- velop an Energy Model for 5G Virtualized RANs, in: 2024 IEEE Inter- national Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops), IEEE, 2024, pp. 982–987

    2024

  96. [105]

    Centofanti, G

    C. Centofanti, G. Venkateswarlu, J. Santos, R. R. Tella, A. Marotta, F. Graziosi, K. Kondepu, An Energy Measurement Framework for 5G 36 RAN Using USRP and Real-Time Monitoring, in: 2024 IEEE Interna- tional Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommunications Sys- tems (ANTS...

    2024

  97. [106]

    URL https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/act/R-ACT-WRC.16- 2024-PDF-E.pdf

    International Telecommunication Union, Final Acts of the World Radio- communication Conference (WRC-23), accessed: 2024-09-30 (2024). URL https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/act/R-ACT-WRC.16- 2024-PDF-E.pdf

    2024

  98. [107]

    Bj¨ ornson, F

    E. Bj¨ ornson, F. Kara, N. Kolomvakis, A. Kosasih, P. Ramezani, M. B. Salman, Enabling 6G Performance in the Upper Mid-Band by Transition- ing From Massive to Gigantic MIMO (2024). arXiv:2407.05630. URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.05630

    2024 arXiv

  99. [108]

    3GPP, Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI)/Machine Learning (ML) for NR air interface, techreport 38.843 (Jan. 2024)

    2024

  100. [109]

    Guo, C.-K

    J. Guo, C.-K. Wen, S. Jin, X. Li, AI for CSI feedback enhancement in 5G- advanced, IEEE Wireless Communications 31 (3) (2024) 169–176. doi: 10.1109/MWC.010.2200304

    2024 doi

  101. [110]

    Groen, S

    J. Groen, S. D’Oro, U. Demir, L. Bonati, D. Villa, M. Polese, T. Melodia, K. Chowdhury, Securing O-RAN Open Interfaces, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 23 (12) (2024) 11265–11277. doi:10.1109/TMC.2024. 3393430

    2024 doi

  102. [111]

    H. Wen, P. Sharma, V. Yegneswaran, P. Porras, A. Gehani, Z. Lin, 6G- XSec: Explainable Edge Security for Emerging OpenRAN Architectures, in: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks, 2024, pp. 77–85

    2024

  103. [112]

    X. Lin, L. Kundu, C. Dick, S. Velayutham, Embracing AI in 5G-Advanced toward 6G: A joint 3GPP and O-RAN perspective, IEEE Communications Standards Magazine 7 (4) (2023) 76–83

    2023

  104. [113]

    URL https://openairinterface.org/oai-team

    OpenAirInterface Software Alliance, OAI team (2024). URL https://openairinterface.org/oai-team

    2024

  105. [114]

    URL https://openairinterface.org/osa-members/ 37

    OpenAirInterface Software Alliance, List of Members (2024). URL https://openairinterface.org/osa-members/ 37

    2024

Pith tools

Reviewed August 11, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.