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Anyonization of bosons

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Pith's one-line read The paper reports anyonic correlations in a one-dimensional strongly interacting quantum gas, with the statistical angle tuned continuously from bosonic to fermionic by the momentum of a spin wave.

desk verdict A credible many-body realization of 1D anyonic correlations with tunable statistical angle; the spin-wave preparation is not directly verified, but the model agreement is strong enough to take the claim seriously. read the letter →

arxiv 2412.21131 v1 pith:W5RYCGGM submitted 2024-12-30 cond-mat.quant-gas quant-ph

Sudipta Dhar , Botao Wang , Milena Horvath , Amit Vashisht , Yi Zeng , Mikhail B. Zvonarev , Nathan Goldman , Yanliang Guo
show 2 more authors
Manuele Landini Hanns-Christoph Nägerl
This is my paper · ORCID
classification cond-mat.quant-gasquant-ph PACS 05.30.Pr67.85.-d
keywords anyonsone-dimensionalquantumgasspin-chargeseparationTonks-Girardeaumomentumdistributiondynamicalfermionizationfractionalstatisticscold-atomsimulation
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper claims that a single spin impurity, adiabatically accelerated through a strongly interacting one-dimensional gas of bosons, makes the spatial part of the many-body wavefunction behave exactly like a gas of hardcore anyons with a tunable statistical angle. The mechanism is spin-charge separation: the wavefunction factors into a charge part and a spin wave, and the spin wave's momentum $\hbar Q$ sets the anyonic phase $\theta = \pi Q/k_F$. The measured impurity momentum distribution, which the paper's Eq. (1) equates with the anyonic one-body momentum distribution, evolves from a symmetric bosonic peak through skewed intermediate shapes to a flat fermionic distribution as $\theta$ runs from $0$ to $\pi$. The same system shows dynamical fermionization after a trap release. If correct, this provides a controllable cold-atom platform for studying one-dimensional anyonic statistics, non-equilibrium anyon dynamics, and statistical interfaces.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing element is the spin wave: an eigenstate of the cyclic spin-permutation operator $\hat{C}$ with eigenvalue $e^{-i\theta}$, prepared by slowly accelerating the impurity to momentum $\hbar Q$. Integrating out the spin sector leaves the charge sector in a Hamiltonian whose boundary term carries the spin-wave flux $e^{i\theta}$; a generalized Jordan-Wigner transformation $\hat{a}_\ell = \hat{b}_\ell e^{i\theta \hat{N}_\ell}$ gauges that flux away and maps the problem onto the anyon-Hubbard model, a lattice model of particles with generalized exchange phase $\theta$, with statistical angle $\theta$. The exact identity for the impurity one-body correlator, Eq. (5), is what connects the measurable impurity momentum distribution to the anyonic one-body momentum distribution. Three numerical models, the anyon-Hubbard model, the spinful Bose-Hubbard model, and a swap model whose ground state encodes the target spin wave, are used to benchmark the data.

What would settle it

A decisive check is to measure $n_\downarrow(k)$ at fixed $\theta\approx\pi$ in a single tube with momentum resolution better than the reported $0.4\,\hbar k_F$: the hardcore-anyon prediction is a flat-top distribution filling $[-k_F,k_F]$, so a residual peak or skew at large $\gamma_{\uparrow\downarrow}$ and small force would falsify the anyonic mapping.

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Extended reading notes

Core claim

Anyons are quasiparticles whose exchange phase $\theta$ lies between the bosonic value $0$ and the fermionic value $\pi$. The central claim is that such anyonic correlations appear in the charge sector of a one-dimensional strongly interacting gas of hardcore bosons carrying a single mobile spin impurity, provided the interaction is strong enough for spin-charge separation. When the impurity is accelerated to momentum $\hbar Q$, the spin sector is prepared as a spin wave, an eigenstate of the cyclic permutation $\hat{C}$ with eigenvalue $e^{-i\theta}$, and the charge sector acquires exactly the correlations of hardcore anyons with $\theta = \pi Q/k_F$. The identity $\langle \varphi|\otimes\langle\theta|\hat{b}^\dagger_\downarrow(x)\hat{b}_\downarrow(y)|\theta\rangle\otimes|\varphi\rangle = \frac{1}{N}\langle\varphi|\hat{a}^\dagger(x)\hat{a}(y)|\varphi\rangle$ turns the impurity's measured momentum distribution into a direct readout of the anyonic momentum distribution. Observed distributions are symmetric at $\theta=0$, skewed in between, and flat at $\theta=\pi$, in agreement with three independent lattice-model calculations; after release from the trap the distributions for different $\theta$ converge to one symmetric form, demonstrating dynamical fermionization.

Load-bearing premise

The argument collapses if the impurity does not remain in the spin-wave ground state of the spin sector while it is being accelerated; the small force $mg/18$ is what maintains adiabatic following, and the paper shows that a larger force changes the measured distribution.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • The impurity momentum distribution $n_\downarrow(k)$ is, up to a factor $1/N$, the anyonic momentum distribution, so a single time-of-flight image gives direct experimental access to anyonic one-body correlations.
  • Varying the acceleration time tunes $\theta$ continuously from $0$ to $\pi$, so one platform demonstrates the full transmutation from bosons through anyons to fermions.
  • Because the mapping holds for any charge-sector state as long as the spin wave survives, the same setup can probe anyonic correlations in non-equilibrium dynamics such as expansion or transport.
  • The convergence of different-$\theta$ distributions after release evidences dynamical fermionization of hardcore anyons, connecting anyonic statistics to the fermionic nature of rapidities.
  • The density-dependent form $\theta=\pi Q/k_F$ offers a route to spatially varying statistical angles and to statistical interfaces in a single experimental run.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Beyond the demonstrated result, the same spin-wave mechanism suggests that preparing two or more impurities in a shared spin-wave state would give access to higher-order anyonic correlation functions and to non-local string-type correlators; the paper sketches the multi-impurity family but does not test it.
  • The adiabaticity assumption implies a direct stress test: deliberately exciting the spin sector with a fast force ramp or a spin echo should erase the anyonic signature in $n_\downarrow(k)$, confirming that the effect is carried by the spin wave rather than by interactions alone.
  • Because $\theta$ depends on local density through $k_F$, an engineered density step in the tube would imprint a statistical boundary; placing two such steps could realize a one-dimensional anyonic interferometer, an extension the paper does not explore.
  • The long-time convergence observed in the expansion experiment suggests that anyonic rapidity distributions are fermionic; a box-trap version of the release, which the paper mentions only as future work, would test this directly and could distinguish anyonic from merely bosonic rapidity dynamics.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports the realization of effective 1D anyonic correlations in a strongly interacting Bose gas with a single mobile spin impurity. The authors use spin-charge separation in a Tonks-Girardeau gas: after accelerating the impurity to momentum ℏQ, they argue that the spin part of the wavefunction is a spin wave whose cyclic-exchange phase θ=πQ/kF is transferred to the charge sector, making the impurity's one-body density matrix equal to that of hardcore anyons with statistical angle θ. They measure the impurity momentum distribution for θ between 0 and π and observe a peaked, then skewed, then flat-top distribution, in agreement with three theoretical models: the anyon-Hubbard model, a spinful Bose-Hubbard model with a force, and a 'swap' toy model. They further study the expansion dynamics and report dynamical fermionization of the anyons. The main text is supported by methods and supplementary material including an exact Bethe-ansatz treatment.

Significance. If the central identification is correct, this is a notable advance: it realizes many-body anyonic correlations with a continuously tunable statistical angle in a cold-atom system, through a mechanism (spin-charge separation) distinct from the recent two-particle Floquet realization in Ref. [42], and it demonstrates a dynamical anyonic signature. Strengths: the statistical angle is set by the controlled momentum transfer rather than extracted from the data; the authors provide control measurements showing that the effect requires strong interactions and a small force; the main comparisons involve three independent models with parameters fixed by the experimental setup; the data are deposited on Zenodo. The principal weakness is that the spin-wave state at the heart of the anyonic mapping is not directly verified, and finite-size corrections to the mapping are not quantified.

major comments (3)
  1. [Methods C, Eqs. (3)-(5)] The anyonic identification Eq. (1) holds only when the spin state is an eigenstate of the cyclic permutation operator Ĉ with eigenvalue e^{-iθ}. As the text notes in Methods C, such eigenstates exist only for θN=2πn with integer n; for the continuous θ values used in Fig. 2 and for finite tubes (N≈37) the prepared state cannot be an exact spin-wave eigenstate. The correction to Eq. (5) is of order (e^{iθN}−1)/√N, and the paper does not measure or compute the fidelity of the accelerated state to the ideal spin wave. Fig. 5a shows sensitivity to a larger force but does not establish adiabatic following of the lower branch at F↓=mg/18. Please provide a quantitative estimate of the overlap with the spin-wave branch, e.g., from the sBHM time evolution or from the exact Bethe-ansatz wavefunction in the supplementary material, and show that the residual admixture does not affect the Fig. 3 comparison at the stated 0.4ℏkF resolution.
  2. [Methods D, Eqs. (10)-(12)] The mapping from the spinful hardcore boson model to the anyon-Hubbard model is derived for periodic boundary conditions, and the text states that 'in the thermodynamic limit, this result also holds for any choice of boundary conditions.' The experiment, however, operates at N≈37 in a harmonic longitudinal trap, where the cyclic symmetry underlying Eq. (10) is broken and the spin-wave eigenvalues are discrete (θ=2πn/N). The paper does not quantify the resulting corrections to Eq. (12) and Eq. (5) for the experimental parameters. Please provide either a finite-N calculation with the actual trap geometry, or a numerical demonstration that the boundary/trap corrections to the impurity momentum distribution are below the quoted 0.4ℏkF resolution.
  3. [Methods E-F and Fig. 3] The quantitative comparison of peak position k* and peak occupation n↓(k*) in Fig. 3 uses AHM results for N=10 (L=40) and sBHM results for N↑=20 (L=40), whereas the experimental tubes have a weighted average of 37 atoms. Supplementary Fig. S1 shows that the AHM distribution still changes with N in this range. The authors should either use converged system sizes for the Fig. 3 observables, or show explicitly that the residual finite-size differences are smaller than the experimental momentum resolution and amplitude errors.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Fig. 3] The vertical scale in Fig. 3b is in arbitrary units; please state explicitly how the theoretical and experimental peak occupations are normalized before comparison.
  2. [Methods F] The statement that larger sBHM system sizes give similar results appears only in the supplementary material; consider summarizing this in the main text, since the main-text parameters are chosen for numerical convenience.
  3. [Methods A] There is a typo: 'Lieb-Linger' should be 'Lieb-Liniger'.
  4. [Fig. 2] The quoted θ/π values in panels (c-f) carry uncertainties, but the theoretical curves are computed for a single θ value; please state whether the theory curves are averaged over the tube-to-tube density spread and how the quoted uncertainties are determined.
  5. [References [46, 56]] The swap model is a central ingredient in the comparison of Fig. 2, yet Ref. [56] is 'manuscript in preparation' and Ref. [46] points to the supplementary materials; for a self-contained journal article, please provide the model's derivation or a peer-reviewed reference.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the anyonic mapping is derived in-text and the theory curves are parameter-free or externally benchmarked; remaining self-citations are not load-bearing.

full rationale

The paper's derivation chain is self-contained. Equation (1) states an equality between the impurity one-body correlator and the hardcore-anyon correlator; Methods C derives this explicitly through Eqs. (4)-(5) using the spin-wave eigenstate of the cyclic permutation and a Jordan-Wigner transformation. The equality is an exact algebraic identity, not an empirical claim whose input is its output. The statistical angle is not fitted to the data: theta is fixed by the controlled momentum transfer Q=F_down*tau and the Bethe-ansatz relation supplied in the supplementary material (Q=k_F(1-mu), theta=pi*mu), so it is an independent experimental input. The AHM and sBHM curves in Figs. 2-3 are simulations with parameters taken from the experimental setup or chosen for numerical convenience; the only amplitude adjustment in the supplementary figures is a vertical rescaling of arbitrary-unit distributions, not a shape or parameter fit. Refs. 44, 47, and 56 include co-authors of the present paper, but the load-bearing mapping is rederived in Methods C/D/G, and the comparison against AHM and sBHM does not depend on those citations for its evidential content. The swap model is explicitly presented as a toy model built to have the target spin-wave ground state, so it is a consistency check rather than the central evidence. The adiabatic spin-wave preparation is an experimental assumption whose fidelity is not directly measured (Fig. 5a shows force sensitivity), but that is a correctness/falsifiability concern, not circularity: no equation in the paper reduces to its own input by construction, and no fitted parameter is relabeled as a prediction.

Assumptions & free parameters 2 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on four main assumptions: spin-charge factorization, adiabatic spin-wave preparation, the θ-Q relation, and the validity of the anyonic mapping at finite interaction. All are standard or partially tested, but none are directly proven in this paper.

free parameters (2)
  • Jex (swap model hopping) = 0.01
    A numerical parameter in the swap model, chosen for convenience; the paper notes the agreement with data holds over a wide range of Jex (Fig. S3), so it is not tightly constrained by the data.
  • AHM simulation parameters (N=10, L=40)
    Numerical choices for the anyon-Hubbard simulation; chosen for tractability and low filling, with convergence discussed in Fig. S1.
assumptions (4)
  • domain assumption Wavefunction factorization into charge and spin sectors under the no-double-occupancy constraint
    Used in Methods D to derive the effective anyonic model; exact for hardcore spinful bosons on a lattice, assumed for the continuum TG gas.
  • domain assumption The accelerated impurity remains in the ground state of the spin sector, specifically a spin wave |θ⟩ with eigenvalue e^{-iθ} of the cyclic permutation operator
    Required for the mapping in Eq. (5); the adiabaticity is argued from a small force, but no direct spin-wave measurement is presented.
  • domain assumption The statistical angle is set by the injected momentum as θ=πQ/kF
    Derived from the Bethe ansatz solution of the impurity-TG gas (Supplement S1); assumes the linear dispersion relation and the ground state remaining on the lower edge of the spectrum.
  • domain assumption The anyonic mapping (Eq. 1) remains valid at finite γ↑↓≈9, despite being exact only in the hardcore limit
    The paper shows agreement between data and AHM at γ↑↓≈9, but the mapping itself is derived for hardcore anyons.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Anyonization of bosons." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/W5RYCGGM

@misc{pith2026241221131,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Anyonization of bosons},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/W5RYCGGM}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2412.21131}
}
read the original abstract

Anyons are low-dimensional quasiparticles that obey fractional statistics, hence interpolating between bosons and fermions. In two dimensions, they exist as elementary excitations of fractional quantum Hall states and they are believed to enable topological quantum computing. One-dimensional (1D) anyons have been theoretically proposed, but their experimental realization has proven to be difficult. Here, we observe anyonic correlations, which emerge through the phenomenon of spin-charge separation, in a 1D strongly-interacting quantum gas. The required spin degree of freedom is provided by a mobile impurity, whose effective anyonic correlations are associated with an experimentally tunable statistical angle. These anyonic correlations are measured by monitoring the impurity momentum distribution, whose asymmetric feature demonstrates the transmutation of bosons via anyons to fermions. Going beyond equilibrium conditions, we study the dynamical properties of the anyonic correlations via dynamical fermionization of the anyons. Our work opens up the door to the exploration of non-equilibrium anyonic phenomena in a highly controllable setting.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2412.21131 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Experimental realization of 1D anyons. a, Illustration of the emergence of anyons from spin-charge separation. For strong interactions in 1D, the wavefunction factorizes into a charge part and a spin part. In the finite momentum ground state of the system, all the momentum is carried by the spin sector in the form of spin waves. Integrating out the spin degrees of freedom realizes an effective system of 1D hardcore … view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Momentum distribution of anyonized bosons. a, Evolution of the measured n↓(k) for variable exchange phases θ, determined by the injected momentum ℏQ, as indicated. Each distribution is the average of 7 experimental realizations. b, Numerical results of the anyonic momentum distribution na(k) using the anyon-Hubbard model. c-f, Example distributions for θ/π equal to 0, 0.53(2), 0.72(3), 0.98(4), respectively. The err… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Characterization of the anyonic momentum distribution. a, measured peak momentum k ∗ and b, peak occupation of n↓(k) as a function of θ. The experimental data (dots) is compared to the results of the simulations based on the various models as indicated. The error bars reflect the standard error. agreement. The second model we employ is the spinful Bose-Hubbard model (sBHM), aimed at describing the dynamics of a spin… view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (2 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Dynamical fermionization of hardcore anyons. a-c, Evolution of the observed n↓(k) after quenching the confine￾ment to a flat-bottom trap and allowing 1D expansion for t1D = 0, 2, 5 ms, for three different θ as indicated. Each distribution is the average of 10 experimen…
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Role of finite force and finite interaction. a Measured n↓(k) at fixed Q and fixed γ↑↓ for two different values of the force F↓ as indicated. Each distribution is the average of 7 experimental realizations. The experimental data is compared to the results of the simula…

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