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Think Smarter not Harder: Adaptive Reasoning with Inference Aware Optimization

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arxiv 2501.17974 v2 pith:54P7I7US submitted 2025-01-29 cs.AI

classification cs.AI
keywords inferencebudgetsmodelsreasoninglongawarebeenharder
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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abstract

Solving mathematics problems has been an intriguing capability of large language models, and many efforts have been made to improve reasoning by extending reasoning length, such as through self-correction and extensive long chain-of-thoughts. While promising in problem-solving, advanced long reasoning chain models exhibit an undesired single-modal behavior, where trivial questions require unnecessarily tedious long chains of thought. In this work, we propose a way to allow models to be aware of inference budgets by formulating it as utility maximization with respect to an inference budget constraint, hence naming our algorithm Inference Budget-Constrained Policy Optimization (IBPO). In a nutshell, models fine-tuned through IBPO learn to ``understand'' the difficulty of queries and allocate inference budgets to harder ones. With different inference budgets, our best models are able to have a $4.14$\% and $5.74$\% absolute improvement ($8.08$\% and $11.2$\% relative improvement) on MATH500 using $2.16$x and $4.32$x inference budgets respectively, relative to LLaMA3.1 8B Instruct. These improvements are approximately $2$x those of self-consistency under the same budgets.

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Cited by 6 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Post Reasoning: Improving the Performance of Non-Thinking Models at No Cost

    cs.AI 2026-05 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    Post-Reasoning boosts LLM accuracy by reversing the usual answer-after-reasoning order, delivering mean relative gains of 17.37% across 117 model-benchmark pairs with zero extra cost.

  2. One Step Forward and K Steps Back: Better Reasoning with Denoising Recursion Models

    cs.LG 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    Denoising Recursion Models train multi-step noise reversal in looped transformers and outperform the prior Tiny Recursion Model on ARC-AGI.

  3. BudgetThinker: Empowering Budget-aware LLM Reasoning with Control Tokens

    cs.LG 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A control-token insertion and two-stage training method that lets LLMs adhere to user-specified reasoning token budgets while preserving math accuracy.

  4. Adapt to Thrive! Adaptive Power-Mean Policy Optimization for Improved LLM Reasoning

    cs.CL 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    APMPO boosts average Pass@1 scores on math reasoning benchmarks by 3 points over GRPO by using an adaptive power-mean policy objective and feedback-driven clipping bounds in RLVR training.

  5. Free Energy-Driven Reinforcement Learning with Adaptive Advantage Shaping for Unsupervised Reasoning in LLMs

    cs.CL 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    FREIA applies free energy principles and adaptive advantage shaping to unsupervised RL, outperforming baselines by 0.5-3.5 Pass@1 points on math reasoning with a 1.5B model.

  6. Stop Overthinking: A Survey on Efficient Reasoning for Large Language Models

    cs.CL 2025-03 accept novelty 5.0 of 10

    A survey organizing techniques to achieve efficient reasoning in LLMs by shortening chain-of-thought outputs.

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