Collective gene dynamics leave signatures of decision landscapes in cell fate coordinates

Multicellular organisms contain a wide variety of highly specialized cell types. The consistency and robustness of developmental trajectories suggest that complex gene regulatory networks effectively act as low-dimensional cell fate landscapes. Prior work inspired by dynamical systems theory argues that cell fate transitions fall into universal decision-making classes, but the theory connecting these geometric landscapes to high-dimensional gene expression space is still in its infancy. Here, we introduce a phenomenological model that identifies experimental signatures of decision-making classes in single-cell RNA-sequencing time-series data. The model combines low-dimensional gradient-like dynamics with high-dimensional Hopfield networks to capture the interplay between cell fate, gene expression, and signaling. We apply the framework to experimental mouse data on maturing lung alveolar cells and lineage-traced hematopoietic differentiation and show that the measured cell fate dynamics are consistent with developmental landscapes containing intermediate progenitors and saddle points. We further show that the framework can be used to understand spatial patterning and cell fate organization, focusing on Notch signaling in lung airways. Together, these results provide evidence that collective transcriptomic dynamics carry signatures of landscape features associated with universal decision-making classes.