pith. sign in

arxiv: 2506.16147 · v2 · submitted 2025-06-19 · 🪐 quant-ph

A full-stack analog optical quantum computing platform with one hundred inputs

Shota Yokoyama , Atsushi Sakaguchi , Warit Asavanant , Kan Takase , Yi-Ru Chen , Hironari Nagayoshi , Jun-ichi Yoshikawa , Takahiro Kashiwazaki
show 6 more authors
Asuka Inoue Takeshi Umeki Toshikazu Hashimoto Takuji Hiraoka Akira Furusawa Hidehiro Yonezawa
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-19 09:26 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🪐 quant-ph
keywords quantum computingcontinuous-variableoptical quantumGaussian statesteleportationprogrammable routingfull-stack architecturequantum information processing
0
0 comments X

The pith

A continuous-variable optical platform realizes programmable Gaussian quantum computation with 100 inputs.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper establishes that a scalable analog quantum computing system can be constructed using 100 optical continuous-variable modes in a full-stack architecture. This includes hardware operating at a 100 MHz clock rate together with a cloud interface and open-source Python toolkit for programming. Demonstrations of multi-input teleportation and routing of states across 101 modes illustrate the platform's ability to handle programmable operations. A sympathetic reader would care because optical platforms offer potential for ultrafast, large-scale processing without the need for discrete qubits at every step. The work positions the system as a testbed for adding non-Gaussian resources and building optical neural networks.

Core claim

We present a high-speed programmable Gaussian quantum computing platform with one hundred inputs based on a continuous-variable full-stack architecture featuring a 100 MHz clock frequency and a cloud-based interface with an open-source Python software development kit.

What carries the argument

The 100-mode integrated optical hardware that supports programmable multi-input teleportation and state routing in a continuous-variable architecture.

Load-bearing premise

The integrated 100-mode hardware maintains sufficient quantum coherence, low loss, and accurate programmability across all channels to support the reported multi-input teleportation and routing demonstrations without unaccounted systematic errors.

What would settle it

Teleportation fidelities across the 100 modes that fall well below the values expected from known loss and noise levels, indicating unaccounted decoherence or calibration errors.

read the original abstract

Optical technology is a highly promising platform for quantum computing due to its enormous potential for large-scale, ultrafast computation. However, realizing a programmable and scalable system remains a significant challenge. Here, we present a high-speed programmable Gaussian quantum computing platform with one hundred inputs based on a continuous-variable full-stack architecture. Our system features a 100 MHz clock frequency and integrates a cloud-based interface with an open-source Python software development kit, mqc3, significantly enhancing accessibility and operational flexibility. We provide a comprehensive characterization of our system and its capabilities through multi-input and multi-step teleportation, as well as the programmable routing of quantum states across 101 input modes. This platform represents a critical milestone in scalable analog quantum information processing, offering a robust testbed for the future integration of non-Gaussian resources and the development of large-scale optical neural networks.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 3 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents a high-speed programmable Gaussian quantum computing platform with one hundred inputs based on a continuous-variable full-stack architecture. It operates at a 100 MHz clock frequency, integrates a cloud-based interface with the open-source Python SDK mqc3, and reports comprehensive characterization via multi-input/multi-step teleportation and programmable routing of quantum states across 101 input modes.

Significance. If the uniformity of performance across all modes is confirmed, this would constitute a meaningful milestone toward scalable analog optical quantum information processing, providing a testbed for non-Gaussian resource integration and large-scale optical neural networks while improving accessibility through open-source tools.

major comments (2)
  1. [§4 (Characterization)] §4 (Characterization): The teleportation and routing results are reported using aggregate fidelities and total loss figures without error bars, raw data traces, or a per-mode performance table for all 101 inputs. This is load-bearing for the central scalability claim, as aggregate metrics alone cannot confirm that mode-dependent losses, crosstalk, or calibration variations remain within acceptable bounds across the full set of channels.
  2. [§5 (Demonstrations)] §5 (Demonstrations): The multi-input teleportation experiments should explicitly document simultaneous engagement of all 100 inputs with comparable quantum coherence; without this, the demonstrations risk being limited to well-behaved subsets, weakening the full-stack 100-mode claim.
minor comments (3)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract would benefit from stating numerical values for key metrics such as average teleportation fidelity and per-mode loss to allow immediate assessment of the results.
  2. [Methods] Clarify in the methods or system description the precise relationship between the 100 inputs and the 101 modes referenced in the routing section.
  3. [Figures] Figure captions should specify the number of modes or channels shown and whether the data represent averages or individual traces.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive and detailed review of our manuscript. We have carefully considered each major comment and revised the paper accordingly to strengthen the presentation of our characterization and experimental results.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [§4 (Characterization)] The teleportation and routing results are reported using aggregate fidelities and total loss figures without error bars, raw data traces, or a per-mode performance table for all 101 inputs. This is load-bearing for the central scalability claim, as aggregate metrics alone cannot confirm that mode-dependent losses, crosstalk, or calibration variations remain within acceptable bounds across the full set of channels.

    Authors: We agree that detailed per-mode metrics are essential to substantiate the uniformity and scalability claims. In the revised manuscript, we have added a per-mode performance table in the supplementary information reporting fidelity and loss values for each of the 101 modes, together with error bars obtained from repeated experimental runs. Representative raw data traces for both teleportation and routing experiments have also been included in the main text and supplement. These additions confirm that channel-to-channel variations remain within acceptable bounds. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [§5 (Demonstrations)] The multi-input teleportation experiments should explicitly document simultaneous engagement of all 100 inputs with comparable quantum coherence; without this, the demonstrations risk being limited to well-behaved subsets, weakening the full-stack 100-mode claim.

    Authors: We thank the referee for this clarification request. Section 5 has been revised to explicitly document that all 100 inputs were engaged simultaneously during the multi-input teleportation experiments, with details on the synchronization protocol and timing. The per-mode characterization data now provided in the supplement further demonstrates comparable quantum coherence across channels, confirming that the results are not restricted to selected subsets. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: experimental hardware demonstration with external benchmarking

full rationale

The paper reports an experimental full-stack optical quantum computing platform and supports its claims through direct hardware characterizations, including multi-input teleportation demonstrations and programmable routing across 101 modes. These results are benchmarked against measurable external quantities such as teleportation fidelity and loss metrics rather than any internal derivation that reduces a prediction to a fitted parameter or self-defined quantity. No equations or first-principles steps are presented that would trigger self-definitional, fitted-input, or self-citation load-bearing patterns; the work is self-contained as a hardware testbed with open-source software interface.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The demonstration rests on standard continuous-variable quantum optics assumptions rather than new free parameters or invented entities; no ad-hoc fitted constants are highlighted in the abstract.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Standard assumptions of continuous-variable quantum optics and Gaussian state manipulations hold in the experimental setup.
    Platform performance claims rely on established Gaussian operations and linear optics being realizable at the reported scale.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5736 in / 1212 out tokens · 43216 ms · 2026-05-19T09:26:07.371674+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Lean theorems connected to this paper

Citations machine-checked in the Pith Canon. Every link opens the source theorem in the public Lean library.

What do these tags mean?
matches
The paper's claim is directly supported by a theorem in the formal canon.
supports
The theorem supports part of the paper's argument, but the paper may add assumptions or extra steps.
extends
The paper goes beyond the formal theorem; the theorem is a base layer rather than the whole result.
uses
The paper appears to rely on the theorem as machinery.
contradicts
The paper's claim conflicts with a theorem or certificate in the canon.
unclear
Pith found a possible connection, but the passage is too broad, indirect, or ambiguous to say the theorem truly supports the claim.

Forward citations

Cited by 2 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Continuous-variable two-dimensional cluster states in the microwave domain

    quant-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    Experimental realization of 2D CV cluster states with 191 modes and -1.2 dB nullifier squeezing in the microwave domain using multi-tone parametric amplification.

  2. Hybridization of pulse and continuous-wave based optical quantum computation

    quant-ph 2025-11 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Hybrid pulsed-CW architecture for optical quantum computation with experimental proof-of-principle of ultrafast homodyne detection on pulsed single-photon states yielding W(0,0) = -0.153.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

51 extracted references · 51 canonical work pages · cited by 2 Pith papers

  1. [1]

    & Furusawa, A

    Asavanant, W. & Furusawa, A. Optical quantum computers: A Route to Practical Continuous Variable Quantum Information Processing (AIP Publishing LLC, 2022)

    work page 2022

  2. [2]

    & Furusawa, A

    Takeda, S. & Furusawa, A. Toward large-scale fault-tolerant universal photonic quantum computing. APL Photonics 4, 060902 (2019)

    work page 2019

  3. [3]

    O’brien, J. L. Optical quantum computing. Science 318, 1567–1570 (2007)

    work page 2007

  4. [4]

    Zhong, H.-S. et al. Quantum computational advantage using photons. Science 370, 1460–1463 (2020)

    work page 2020

  5. [5]

    Asavanant, W. et al. Time-domain-multiplexed measurement-based quantum operations with 25-MHz clock frequency. Physical Review Applied 16, 034005 (2021)

    work page 2021

  6. [6]

    V., Guo, X., Breum, C

    Larsen, M. V., Guo, X., Breum, C. R., Neergaard-Nielsen, J. S. & Andersen, U. L. Deterministic multi- mode gates on a scalable photonic quantum computing platform. Nature Physics 17, 1018–1023 (2021)

    work page 2021

  7. [7]

    Aghaee Rad, H. et al. Scaling and networking a modular photonic quantum computer. Nature 638, 912–919 (2025)

    work page 2025

  8. [8]

    Asavanant, W. et al. Generation of time-domain-multiplexed two-dimensional cluster state. Science 366, 373–376 (2019)

    work page 2019

  9. [9]

    V., Guo, X., Breum, C

    Larsen, M. V., Guo, X., Breum, C. R., Neergaard-Nielsen, J. S. & Andersen, U. L. Deterministic generation of a two-dimensional cluster state. Science 366, 369–372 (2019)

    work page 2019

  10. [10]

    Killoran, N. et al. Continuous-variable quantum neural networks. Physical Review Research 1, 033063 (2019). 10

    work page 2019

  11. [11]

    & Siopsis, G

    Bangar, S., Sunny, L., Yeter-Aydeniz, K. & Siopsis, G. Experimentally realizable continuous-variable quantum neural networks. Physical Review A 108, 042414 (2023)

    work page 2023

  12. [12]

    Anand, P., Chandra, M. G. & Khandelwal, A. Time-series forecasting using continuous variables-based quantum neural networks , 994–999 (IEEE, 2024)

    work page 2024

  13. [13]

    & Siopsis, G

    Bangar, S., Sunny, L., Yeter-Aydeniz, K. & Siopsis, G. Continuous-variable quantum Boltzmann machine. Quantum Machine Intelligence 7, 1–15 (2025)

    work page 2025

  14. [14]

    Nielsen, M. A. & Chuang, I. L. Quantum computation and quantum information (Cambridge university press, 2010)

    work page 2010

  15. [15]

    & Imre, S

    Gyongyosi, L. & Imre, S. A survey on quantum computing technology. Computer Science Review 31, 51–71 (2019)

    work page 2019

  16. [16]

    Gill, S. S. et al. Quantum computing: A taxonomy, systematic review and future directions. Software: Practice and Experience 52, 66–114 (2022)

    work page 2022

  17. [17]

    & Chan, G

    Bauer, B., Bravyi, S., Motta, M. & Chan, G. K.-L. Quantum algorithms for quantum chemistry and quantum materials science. Chemical reviews 120, 12685–12717 (2020)

    work page 2020

  18. [18]

    Herman, D. et al. Quantum computing for finance. Nature Reviews Physics 5, 450–465 (2023)

    work page 2023

  19. [19]

    & Biswas, R

    Perdomo-Ortiz, A., Benedetti, M., Realpe-G´ omez, J. & Biswas, R. Opportunities and challenges for quantum-assisted machine learning in near-term quantum computers. Quantum Science and Technology 3, 030502 (2018)

    work page 2018

  20. [20]

    Ladd, T. D. et al. Quantum computers. Nature 464, 45–53 (2010)

    work page 2010

  21. [21]

    Quantum computing in the NISQ era and beyond

    Preskill, J. Quantum computing in the NISQ era and beyond. Quantum 2, 79 (2018)

    work page 2018

  22. [22]

    Arute, F. et al. Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor. Nature 574, 505–510 (2019)

    work page 2019

  23. [23]

    Zhu, Q. et al. Quantum computational advantage via 60-qubit 24-cycle random circuit sampling. Science bulletin 67, 240–245 (2022)

    work page 2022

  24. [24]

    Kim, Y. et al. Evidence for the utility of quantum computing before fault tolerance. Nature 618, 500–505 (2023)

    work page 2023

  25. [25]

    AI, G. Q. et al. Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold. Nature 638, 920 (2024)

    work page 2024

  26. [26]

    Gao, D. et al. Establishing a new benchmark in quantum computational advantage with 105-qubit zuchongzhi 3.0 processor. Physical Review Letters 134, 090601 (2025)

    work page 2025

  27. [27]

    MacLennan, B. J. Encyclopedia of Complexity and System Science , Ch. Analog Computation, 271–294 (2009)

    work page 2009

  28. [28]

    MacLennan, B. J. The promise of analog computation. International Journal of General Systems 43, 682–696 (2014)

    work page 2014

  29. [29]

    A new frontier for Hopfield networks

    Krotov, D. A new frontier for Hopfield networks. Nature Reviews Physics 5, 366–367 (2023)

    work page 2023

  30. [30]

    Mead, C. A. & Mahowald, M. A. A silicon model of early visual processing. Neural networks 1, 91–97 (1988)

    work page 1988

  31. [31]

    Braunstein, S. L. & Van Loock, P. Quantum information with continuous variables. Reviews of modern physics 77, 513–577 (2005). 11

    work page 2005

  32. [32]

    M., Nemoto, K

    Kendon, V. M., Nemoto, K. & Munro, W. J. Quantum analogue computing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 368, 3609–3620 (2010)

    work page 2010

  33. [33]

    & Briegel, H

    Raussendorf, R. & Briegel, H. J. A one-way quantum computer. Physical Review Letters 86, 5188 (2001)

    work page 2001

  34. [34]

    Menicucci, N. C. et al. Universal quantum computation with continuous-variable cluster states. Physical Review Letters 97, 110501 (2006)

    work page 2006

  35. [35]

    J., Browne, D

    Briegel, H. J., Browne, D. E., D¨ ur, W., Raussendorf, R. & Van den Nest, M. Measurement-based quantum computation. Nature Physics 5, 19–26 (2009)

    work page 2009

  36. [36]

    Menicucci, N. C. Temporal-mode continuous-variable cluster states using linear optics. Physical Review A 83, 062314 (2011)

    work page 2011

  37. [37]

    Yokoyama, S. et al. Ultra-large-scale continuous-variable cluster states multiplexed in the time domain. Nature Photonics 7, 982–986 (2013)

    work page 2013

  38. [38]

    Yoshikawa, J.-i. et al. Invited article: Generation of one-million-mode continuous-variable cluster state by unlimited time-domain multiplexing. APL photonics 1, 060801 (2016)

    work page 2016

  39. [39]

    Kashiwazaki, T. et al. Over-8-dB squeezed light generation by a broadband waveguide optical parametric amplifier toward fault-tolerant ultra-fast quantum computers.Applied Physics Letters 122, 234003 (2023)

    work page 2023

  40. [40]

    Yamashima, T. et al. All-optical measurement-device-free feedforward enabling ultra-fast quantum information processing. Optics Express 33, 5769–5780 (2025)

    work page 2025

  41. [41]

    Alexander, R. N. & Menicucci, N. C. Flexible quantum circuits using scalable continuous-variable cluster states. Physical Review A 93, 062326 (2016)

    work page 2016

  42. [42]

    & Preskill, J

    Gottesman, D., Kitaev, A. & Preskill, J. Encoding a qubit in an oscillator. Physical Review A 64, 012310 (2001)

    work page 2001

  43. [43]

    Konno, S. et al. Logical states for fault-tolerant quantum computation with propagating light. Science 383, 289–293 (2024)

    work page 2024

  44. [44]

    Larsen, M. et al. Integrated photonic source of Gottesman–Kitaev–Preskill qubits. Nature (2025)

    work page 2025

  45. [45]

    W., Alexander, R

    Walshe, B. W., Alexander, R. N., Menicucci, N. C. & Baragiola, B. Q. Streamlined quantum computing with macronode cluster states. Physical Review A 104, 062427 (2021)

    work page 2021

  46. [46]

    Yoshikawa, J.-i. et al. Configuration design of multimode gaussian operations on continuous-variable quad-rail lattice cluster states (2025). arXiv:2506.11236

    work page arXiv 2025

  47. [47]

    Weedbrook, C. et al. Gaussian quantum information. Reviews of Modern Physics 84, 621–669 (2012)

    work page 2012

  48. [48]

    Inoue, A. et al. Toward a multi-core ultra-fast optical quantum processor: 43-GHz bandwidth real-time amplitude measurement of 5-dB squeezed light using modularized optical parametric amplifier with 5G technology. Applied Physics Letters 122, 104001 (2023)

    work page 2023

  49. [49]

    Kawasaki, A. et al. Real-time observation of picosecond-timescale optical quantum entanglement towards ultrafast quantum information processing. Nature Photonics 19, 271–276 (2025)

    work page 2025

  50. [50]

    Sakaguchi, A. et al. Nonlinear feedforward enabling quantum computation. Nature Communications 14, 3817 (2023)

    work page 2023

  51. [51]

    crossed single-mode operation

    Kashiwazaki, T. et al. Fabrication of low-loss quasi-single-mode PPLN waveguide and its application to a modularized broadband high-level squeezer. Applied Physics Letters 119 (2021). 12 Supplementary Information for Full-stack Analog Optical Quantum Computer with A Hundred Inputs 1 Measurement-based quantum computation using quad-rail lattice cluster sta...

    work page 2021