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REVIEW 3 major objections 5 minor 49 references

Ultrahigh Anomalous Nernst Thermopower and Thermal Hall Angle in YbMnBi2

T0 review · 3 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-06 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read Lower-doped YbMnBi2, with its chemical potential near the Weyl points, has the highest anomalous Nernst thermopower of any magnetic material—about 110 μV/K—thanks to the combined action of classical filled-band transport, topological Hall…

desk verdict The total Nernst signal is real and reproducible, but the record-ANE claim rests on an untested assumption about the ordinary Nernst effect; this needs a credible decomposition or a reframed claim before publication. read the letter →

arxiv 2506.20721 v1 pith:GTLJLMAL submitted 2025-06-25 cond-mat.mtrl-sci

Jiamin Wen , Kaustuv Manna , Dung Vu , Subhadeep Bej , Yu Pan , Claudia Felser , Brian Skinner , Joseph P. Heremans This is my paper · ORCID
classification cond-mat.mtrl-sci
keywords anomalousNernsteffectYbMnBi2WeylsemimetaltransversethermoelectricsthermalHallBerrycurvaturethermopowerspincanting
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper aims to establish that lightly doped crystals of the antiferromagnetic Weyl semimetal YbMnBi2, with their chemical potential close to the Weyl points, produce the largest anomalous-Nernst-effect (ANE) thermopower reported in any magnetic material: $S_{yx} \approx 110\ \mu\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{K}$ at $T = 254\ \mathrm{K}$ in fields $5\ \mathrm{T} < |\mu_0 H| < 9\ \mathrm{T}$ applied along the spin-canting direction. The authors argue that the record comes not from an unusually large Nernst conductivity, but from the synergy of three ingredients: a classical Nernst conductivity from partially filled Weyl bands, a topological anomalous Hall conductivity from filled Weyl bands, and a strong resistivity anisotropy that amplifies the ratio. Large Nernst response matters because transverse thermoelectric generators and coolers can be made from a single material without hot-side contacts and without complex staging, unlike conventional Seebeck devices. The paper also reports a thermal Hall angle $0.02 < \nabla_y T/\nabla_x T < 0.06$ between 40 K and 310 K at 9 T, indicating a sizable Berry-curvature contribution to heat transport.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the relation between Nernst thermopower and the transport tensor, $S_{yx} = (\alpha_{yx} - \sigma_{yx} S_{xx})/\sigma_{yy}$, together with the low-temperature identity $\alpha_{yx} \simeq (\pi^2/3)(k_B^2 T/e)(d\sigma_{yx}/dE)|_{E=\mu}$. The first relation shows how a large topological Hall conductivity $\sigma_{yx}$ (from filled Weyl bands, proportional to the momentum-space separation of opposite-chirality Weyl pairs) and a classical Nernst conductivity $\alpha_{yx}$ (from partially filled Weyl bands, proportional to the derivative of $\sigma_{yx}$ with respect to energy) can add in the numerator, while the very small $\sigma_{yy}$, caused by the almost dispersionless y-direction with Fermi velocity about $6 \times 10^3\ \mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ versus about $1.4 \times 10^6\ \mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$ in-plane, amplifies the ratio. The paper models $\alpha_{yx}$ with a two-parameter formula $A_0 T B_0^2 B (1 + 3(B/B_0)^2)/(1 + (B/B_0)^2)^2$ derived from the Hall conductivity of a partially filled Weyl band, and fits it to both samples.

What would settle it

A decisive check would be to measure the same low-carrier-density, highly anisotropic Fermi surface without broken time-reversal symmetry—for example, a nonmagnetic analogue of YbMnBi2 or a sample in which the Mn spin canting is suppressed by pressure or chemical substitution while the band structure is preserved. If $S_{yx}$ above roughly $70\ \mu\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{K}$ persists in the absence of the canted order, the anomalous-Nernst interpretation fails; alternatively, a quantitative two-band ordinary-Nernst calculation using the measured mobilities and densities that reproduces the full field dependence of $S_{yx}$ at 254 K without any Berry-curvature term would falsify the topological-amplification mechanism.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

On the paper's own terms, the discovery is that lowering the Hall density of YbMnBi2 to about $2.2 \times 10^{19}\ \mathrm{cm}^{-3}$ (sample 1) and raising the Hall mobility to about $1.05 \times 10^5\ \mathrm{cm}^2\ \mathrm{V}^{-1}\ \mathrm{s}^{-1}$ moves the chemical potential close to the eight Weyl points created by spin canting along [110], and this proximity converts a modest anomalous Nernst conductivity into an ultrahigh Nernst thermopower. The authors derive $S_{yx} = (\alpha_{yx} - \sigma_{yx} S_{xx})/\sigma_{yy}$ and show that $\alpha_{yx}$ and $-\sigma_{yx} S_{xx}$ have the same sign, so the topological Hall conductivity $\sigma_{yx}$ (large because filled Weyl bands carry Berry-curvature-derived anomalous Hall conductivity) and the classical $\alpha_{yx}$ add in the numerator, while the strongly anisotropic resistivity $\sigma_{yy}$, reflecting the cigar-shaped, highly elongated Fermi surface with velocity ratio about 200:1, makes the denominator small. The result is a Nernst thermopower around $110\ \mu\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{K}$ in fields $5\!-\!9\ \mathrm{T}$ at 254 K, which the authors state is, to their knowledge, the highest ANE-dominated Nernst thermopower of any magnetic material; sample 2, with higher Hall density, reaches about $38\ \mu\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{K}$. A caveat acknowledged in the paper is that for sample 1 the anomalous Nernst contribution cannot be reliably separated from the ordinary contribution, so the record claim is based on the high-field saturation tendency (above $70\ \mu\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{K}$ for temperatures above 180 K) and the expectation that the ordinary Nernst coefficient tends to zero in the high-field, high-mobility regime.

Load-bearing premise

The claim rests on the assumption, which the paper itself flags in Table 1, that the high-field $S_{yx}$ of sample 1 is dominated by the anomalous Nernst effect rather than the ordinary Nernst effect.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • If the central claim is correct, YbMnBi2 with a Fermi level near the Weyl points becomes the benchmark magnetic material for anomalous Nernst thermoelectrics, with $S_{yx} \sim 110\ \mu\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{K}$ exceeding previous records by roughly a factor of four.
  • The two-ingredient-plus-anisotropy mechanism implies that large Nernst thermopower does not require a large Nernst conductivity; materials with modest $\alpha_{yx}$ but large topological $\sigma_{yx}$ and strong resistivity anisotropy can still deliver record thermopower.
  • The observed thermal Hall angle $0.02 < \nabla_y T/\nabla_x T(-9\ \mathrm{T}) < 0.06$ across 40–310 K indicates a sizable topological contribution to thermal Hall transport in this antiferromagnetic Weyl semimetal.
  • Fermi level placement, controlled here by unintentional doping, is the decisive tuning parameter: the same compound with heavier doping gives only about $6\ \mu\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{K}$, showing that carrier-density engineering can switch on the record response.
  • Transverse thermoelectric modules using the Nernst geometry could in principle be built from a single YbMnBi2 crystal with contacts only at one end, avoiding hot-side contact losses.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Extending beyond the paper: deliberately tuning $\mu$ even closer to the Weyl points—by chemical substitution, annealing, or electrostatic gating—might increase $S_{yx}$ further or reveal a maximum when thermal excitations balance the filled-band Hall contribution; the paper's two-parameter model gives a recipe for predicting where that maximum sits.
  • Extending beyond the paper: the same synergy could be sought in other canted antiferromagnetic Weyl semimetals with highly anisotropic Fermi surfaces; the measurable signatures would be a sharp field step in $\sigma_{yx}$ near zero field, a resistivity anisotropy ratio of hundreds, and a saturation plateau in $S_{yx}$.
  • Extending beyond the paper: the paper notes its geometry cannot measure $S_{xy}$ or $\kappa_{yy}$; if the alternative transverse figure of merit $z_{xy}T = S_{xy}^2 T/(\kappa_{yy}\rho_{xx})$ is much larger because $\rho_{xx}$ is small, then a differently oriented device could make transverse thermoelectric conversion practical despite the huge $\rho_{yy}$.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports transport measurements on two single crystals of YbMnBi2 with lower Hall density and higher mobility than earlier samples, claiming a maximum total Nernst thermopower Syx of about 110 μV/K near 254 K at 5–9 T for H applied along the spin-canting direction [110]. The authors argue that this signal is dominated by the anomalous Nernst effect and therefore constitutes the highest ANE-dominated Nernst thermopower in any magnetic material. They also report a thermal Hall angle between 0.02 and 0.06 at 9 T for 40 K < T < 310 K. The interpretation combines the measured Hall conductivity with a fitted Nernst-conductivity model based on a partially filled Weyl band, proposing that the large thermopower arises from a synergy of a classical Nernst conductivity, a topological Hall conductivity, and the strong resistivity anisotropy.

Significance. If the ANE-dominated assignment were established, this would be a substantial advance in transverse thermoelectric materials: it would place YbMnBi2 roughly an order of magnitude above previously reported ANE materials and would identify a concrete design principle involving Fermi-level tuning near Weyl points combined with large resistivity anisotropy. The raw Nernst and thermal Hall measurements are reproducible across two samples, and the rotated-field control in Supplementary Fig. 10 is a thoughtful check against trivial alignment effects. However, the paper's own analysis stops short of isolating the ANE in sample 1, and the theoretical reconstruction of Syx is partly tautological, so the headline record claim is not yet supported. The thermal Hall angle result is a useful secondary contribution.

major comments (3)
  1. [Table 1; Supplementary Table 1] The claim that sample 1 sets a record ANE thermopower is not supported by the presented separation of ordinary and anomalous contributions. The authors state in Table 1 that for sample 1 'we cannot reliably separate the ANE from the total Nernst thermopower,' and the estimate SANE > 70 μV/K rests on the assertion that the ordinary Nernst coefficient tends to zero when μB is much larger than unity. That assertion is not generally valid for multi-band or compensated semimetals, where the ordinary Nernst coefficient can saturate at a large, field-independent value (see, e.g., refs. 28–29). The saturation of Syx in Fig. 2a is therefore not by itself evidence of ANE dominance. In fact, the rotated-field control in Supplementary Fig. 10b still shows saturated Syx values of at least 25 μV/K at T > 250 K after a 60-degree in-plane rotation away from [110], which demonstrates a substantial component that is not tied to the spin-canting direction. The record claim should either be restricted to the total Nernst thermopower or be supported by a quantitative estimate of the ordinary contribution.
  2. [Supplementary Eqs. (S16)–(S22); Supplementary Fig. 5] The theoretical description of αyx is fitted rather than predictive. A0 and B0 in Eq. (S22) are free parameters at each temperature and for each sample (Supplementary Table 2), and the same fitted αyx is inserted into Eq. (2) to 'back-calculate' Syx in Supplementary Fig. 5. Because the experimental αyx in Eq. (1) is itself derived from the measured Syx, the agreement in Supplementary Fig. 5 is largely tautological and does not independently validate the proposed synergy of classical and topological contributions. The authors should either fit A0 and B0 with physically constrained global parameters, or use the model to predict an independently measured quantity such as the field dependence of Sxx or σyx.
  3. [Supplementary Eqs. (S17)–(S24)] The derivation of the fitting form assumes the Sommerfeld limit k_BT << |μ|, yet the chemical potentials estimated from the fits at T = 43 K are μ ≈ 1.3 meV for sample 1 and μ ≈ 10.2 meV for sample 2, while k_BT ≈ 3.7 meV. The expansion in Eq. (S17) is therefore not self-consistent at the lowest measured temperatures, which is precisely the regime where A0 and B0 are used to extract μ and τ. The good agreement of Eq. (S22) with data at low temperature should be regarded as empirical curve fitting unless the derivation is relaxed to finite k_BT.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Abstract and Table 1] The abstract states the highest ANE-dominated Nernst thermopower as a factual record, the main text says the sample-1 signal is 'presumably with SANE dominant,' and Table 1 says the findings 'may well set a new world record'; these statements should be harmonized.
  2. [Supplementary Information, page 9] The phrase 'electrons and hold bands' should read 'electrons and hole bands.'
  3. [Eq. (2) and following discussion] The sign convention is easy to misread because the authors first write Syx = (αyx − σyxSxx)/σyy and then explain that αyx and σyxSxx have opposite signs; a short remark that σyx is negative in the relevant field range would help the reader follow the 'additive' argument.
  4. [Table 1] The compound listed as 'UCo0.8Ru0.2Al' should be checked against the cited reference, since the formula appears incomplete without a subscript.
  5. [Abstract and Fig. 4 caption] The notation '∇yT/∇xT (-9 T)' in the abstract is ambiguous; the field value should be introduced explicitly, for example as 'at μ0H = −9 T'.

Circularity Check

2 steps flagged · score 6.0 of 10

The back-calculated Syx agreement is tautological because αyx is fitted at each temperature and Eq. (2) is an identity; the record-ANE label for sample 1 is obtained by assuming the ordinary Nernst term vanishes, renaming the measured total Syx.

  1. fitted input called prediction [Main text Eqs. (1)-(2); Supplementary Eqs. (S16)-(S22), Supplementary Fig. 5, Supplementary Table 2]
    "Fig. 2e of the main text and Supplementary Fig. 4f show the theoretical result of Eq. (S22) for αyx as compared to the experimental result, with A0 and B0 treated as fitting parameters for each temperature. The fitting provides a good quantitative description of the measurements in both sample 1 (Fig. 2d of the main text) and sample 2 (Supplementary Fig. 4e). ... applying the theoretical αyx values drawn in Fig. 2e and Supplementary Fig. 4f and the measured σyx, Sxx, and σyy values allows for the reconstruction of the Nernst thermopower Syx."

    The model αyx of Eq. (S22) is fitted to the measured αyx at every temperature with two free parameters, A0 and B0, listed in Supplementary Table 2. Equation (2), Syx = (αyx − σyx Sxx)/σyy, is simply the algebraic rearrangement of Eq. (1), which defines αyx from the same measured Syx, ρxx, ρyy, ρyx, and Sxx. Therefore, once the fitted αyx matches the measured αyx, substituting it into Eq. (2) together with the measured σyx, Sxx, and σyy returns the measured Syx essentially by construction. The agreement shown in Supplementary Fig. 5 is thus a fitting-plus-identity check, not an independent prediction, and it cannot by itself validate the claimed 'synergy' mechanism.

  2. self definitional [Table 1 note; Supplementary Table 1 note; main text 'presumably with SANE dominant']
    "Even though for sample 1 of this study, we cannot reliably separate the ANE from the total Nernst thermopower, the tendency of values of Syx above 180 K is to saturate above 70 μV K-1; therefore, the findings of the present research may well set a new world record for ANE thermopower in magnetic materials. ... An estimate of greater than 70 μV K-1 is mentioned here based on the high-field saturation tendency values above 180 K, because in the high-field regime (the product of mobility times field being much larger than unity) the ordinary Nernst coefficient tends to zero."

    For sample 1 the anomalous Nernst thermopower is never separated from the total Nernst effect; the paper states explicitly that it 'cannot reliably separate the ANE from the total Nernst thermopower.' The quoted SANE > 70 μV/K is obtained by taking the saturated total Syx and assuming the ordinary Nernst contribution vanishes at high field. The main text similarly says the large Syx is 'presumably with SANE dominant.' Thus the headline claim of a record ANE thermopower is definitional: SANE is set equal to the total high-field Syx minus an assumed-zero ONE, rather than being independently extracted. The record-ANE claim therefore reduces, by construction, to the raw Syx measurement renamed.

full rationale

The two flagged steps are real but localized. The measured total Nernst thermopower Syx ~ 110 μV/K is an experimental result, reproducible in its field and temperature trends (sample 2 shows the same behavior with smaller magnitude), and is not itself constructed. What is circular is, first, the semi-theoretical reconstruction of Syx in Supplementary Fig. 5: the fitted αyx of Eq. (S22), with A0 and B0 free at every temperature, is inserted into Eq. (2), which is just the identity obtained by inverting Eq. (1) that defines αyx from the same measured Syx, ρxx, ρyy, ρyx, and Sxx. The good agreement therefore cannot independently confirm the claimed synergy between topological Hall conductivity, classical Nernst conductivity, and resistivity anisotropy. Second, the record-ANE label for sample 1 is not an independently measured quantity: because ANE and ONE cannot be separated for that sample, the paper takes the saturated total Syx and sets the ONE contribution to zero at high field, so 'SANE > 70 μV/K' is the total Nernst signal renamed as an anomalous record. The self-citations to ref. 17 (same-group first-principles calculations and ANE extraction procedure) and to Kozii-Skinner-Fu (with a coauthor on the present paper) are not themselves circular: the former is a published parameter-free calculation and the latter is a published derivation, both used as external evidence rather than as an assumed conclusion. These considerations put the paper at partial circularity (6) rather than full circularity: the underlying Syx measurement stands, but the two headline interpretive claims—the record-ANE attribution for sample 1 and the mechanism demonstration via back-calculation—are partly built from their own inputs.

Assumptions & free parameters 4 free parameters · 6 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central observable is a measurement, but the interpretation as a record ANE and the quantitative mechanism depend on several assumptions: that the ordinary Nernst contribution is negligible or separable, that the low-field Hall density tracks the highest-mobility carrier, that the Mott-type derivative formula for αyx applies at the measured temperatures, and that a single anisotropic Weyl band plus a filled-band AHE term describes the Hall conductivity. The model carries two fitted parameters per temperature (A0 and B0). No new physical entities are introduced.

free parameters (4)
  • A0 (sample 1, per temperature) = 0.000242 to 0.001528 A T m^-1 K^-2 over 43-304 K
    Amplitude parameter in Eq. S22, fitted separately at each temperature (Supp Table 2).
  • A0 (sample 2, per temperature) = 0.00126 to 0.01560 A T m^-1 K^-2 over 43-304 K
    Amplitude parameter in Eq. S22, fitted separately at each temperature (Supp Table 2).
  • B0 (sample 1, per temperature) = 0.4689 to 5.6968 T over 43-304 K
    Field-scale parameter in Eq. S22, fitted separately at each temperature (Supp Table 2).
  • B0 (sample 2, per temperature) = 3.2641 to 5.7263 T over 43-304 K
    Field-scale parameter in Eq. S22, fitted separately at each temperature (Supp Table 2).
assumptions (6)
  • domain assumption YbMnBi2 is a magnetic Weyl semimetal with 8 Weyl points and strongly anisotropic Fermi velocities (vx ≈ vz ≈ 1.4e6 m/s, vy ≈ 6.5e3 m/s).
    Invoked in main text 'The resulting linear dispersion near the Weyl points...' and in Supplementary Eqs. S19-S24; values taken from refs. 21 and 27.
  • domain assumption At low temperature the Nernst conductivity obeys αyx ≈ (π^2/3)(kB^2 T/e)(dσyx/dE) at E = μ, so chemical-potential-independent filled-band terms do not contribute to αyx.
    Supplementary Eq. S17; used to argue αyx is non-topological. The Sommerfeld expansion is a low-T approximation, but the record signal appears near 254 K.
  • domain assumption The Hall conductivity of a partially filled Weyl band is σyx(E) = (1/3) e^2 N(E) v_y v_x τ ω_c τ / (1 + ω_c^2 τ^2) + σ_AHE Θ(E), with N(E) from a linear dispersion.
    Supplementary Eqs. S18-S20, adapted from Kozii, Skinner and Fu (ref. 4); ignores the coexisting heavy hole band and extrinsic scattering mechanisms.
  • ad hoc to paper The ordinary Nernst contribution is linear in field for sample 2 or negligible at high fields for sample 1, so the high-field S_yx can be assigned to the anomalous Nernst effect.
    Main text: 'It is difficult in general to separate the contributions of ONE and ANE'; Table 1 admits the separation cannot be performed reliably for sample 1, yet the ANE record claim depends on this axiom.
  • domain assumption The low-field Hall coefficient provides a reliable measure of the highest-mobility carrier density, even in the presence of a Berry-curvature-induced anomalous Hall effect.
    Supplementary 'Electrical characterization of the samples'; supports the claim that sample 1 has chemical potential closer to the Weyl points.
  • standard math In the experimental configuration, ρxy(H) = -ρyx(H) by crystal symmetry (Akgoz-Saunders), so the resistivity determinant becomes ρxxρyy + ρyx^2.
    Supplementary derivation from Eq. S10 to Eq. S11; standard Onsager and crystal-symmetry reduction.

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Pith. "Pith review of Ultrahigh Anomalous Nernst Thermopower and Thermal Hall Angle in YbMnBi2." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/GTLJLMAL

@misc{pith2026250620721,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Ultrahigh Anomalous Nernst Thermopower and Thermal Hall Angle in YbMnBi2},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/GTLJLMAL}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2506.20721}
}
abstract

Thermoelectrics (TEs) are solid-state devices that can realize heat-electricity conversion. Transverse TEs require materials with a large Nernst effect, which typically requires a strong applied magnetic field. However, topological materials with magnetic order offer an alternative pathway for achieving large Nernst via the anomalous Hall effect and the accompanying anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) that arise from band topology. Here, we show that YbMnBi2 with a low Hall density and a chemical potential near the Weyl points has, to the best of our knowledge, the highest ANE-dominated Nernst thermopower of any magnetic material, with $S_{yx}$ around 110 $\mu$V/K ($T$ = 254 K, 5 T < $|\mu_0 H|$ < 9 T applied along the spin canting direction), due to the synergism between classical contributions from filled electron bands, large Hall conductivity of topological origin, and large resistivity anisotropy. An appreciable thermal Hall angle of $0.02 < (\nabla_y T)/(\nabla_x T) < 0.06$ was observed (40 K < $T$ < 310 K, $\mu_0 H$ = 9 T).

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2506.20721 by the authors.

Figure 5
Figure 5. Eq. (2) gives insight into the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_5.png] view at source ↗

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Reviewed August 6, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.