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arxiv: 2511.00813 · v2 · submitted 2025-11-02 · ❄️ cond-mat.supr-con

Magneto-Chiral Anisotropy in Josephson Diode Effect of All-Metallic Lateral Junctions with Interfacial Rashba Spin-Orbit Coupling

Maximilian Mangold , Lorenz Bauriedl , Johanna Berger , Chang Yu-Cheng , Thomas N.G. Meier , Matthias Kronseder , Pertti Hakonen , Christian H. Back
show 2 more authors
Christoph Strunk Dhavala Suri
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-18 01:52 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.supr-con
keywords Josephson diode effectRashba spin-orbit couplingmagneto-chiral anisotropyall-metallic junctionsinterfacial SOCsuperconducting diodes
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The pith

Interfacial Rashba spin-orbit coupling produces magneto-chiral anisotropy in the Josephson diode effect of all-metallic junctions.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper examines how inversion symmetry breaking at metal-metal interfaces generates Rashba spin-orbit coupling that influences supercurrent in Josephson junctions. Devices using Fe/Pt and Cu/Pt as weak links between niobium leads display a diode effect whose non-reciprocity varies with the in-plane magnetic field direction in a manner consistent with Rashba symmetry. A control device with only a copper weak link shows only axis-symmetric behavior instead. This suggests that interface effects alone can enable such diode functionality in fully metallic, diffusive systems.

Core claim

In all-metal diffusive Josephson junctions, the Josephson diode effect in an in-plane magnetic field exhibits magneto-chiral anisotropy that follows the point symmetry of interfacial Rashba spin-orbit coupling, which arises from inversion symmetry breaking at the metal-metal interfaces.

What carries the argument

Interfacial Rashba spin-orbit coupling at the weak-link interfaces, which breaks inversion symmetry and imposes a specific symmetry on the magneto-chiral response of the supercurrent.

If this is right

  • The diode efficiency depends on the orientation of the in-plane magnetic field according to the Rashba point group symmetry.
  • Stray magnetic fields from hysteretic vortex pinning in the niobium electrodes cause an apparent inverted hysteresis in the Fraunhofer diffraction patterns.
  • Plain copper weak links without additional interface breaking produce only axis-symmetric diode effects.
  • All-metallic structures can realize Josephson diodes without requiring semiconductor components or strong spin-orbit materials.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • This approach may simplify the integration of Josephson diodes into superconducting circuits by avoiding complex heterostructures.
  • Interface engineering could allow tuning of the diode polarity and strength in similar metallic junctions.
  • The findings point toward broader use of interfacial effects to control non-reciprocal transport in hybrid superconducting systems.

Load-bearing premise

The observed magneto-chiral anisotropy is caused by interfacial Rashba spin-orbit coupling and not by material inhomogeneities or unaccounted stray magnetic fields.

What would settle it

Measuring a magneto-chiral anisotropic diode effect in a symmetric control junction without inversion-breaking interfaces would contradict the central claim.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2511.00813 by Chang Yu-Cheng, Christian H. Back, Christoph Strunk, Dhavala Suri, Johanna Berger, Lorenz Bauriedl, Matthias Kronseder, Maximilian Mangold, Pertti Hakonen, Thomas N.G. Meier.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: (a) depicts the stack schematically, and an SEM image is shown in the inset of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Diode effect and inverted hysteresis in sample B. (a) Temperature-dependence of the device resistance measured at [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Interference pattern of sample A under [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We explore the role of interfacial Rashba spin-orbit coupling (SOC) for the Josephson diode effect in all-metal diffusive Josephson junctions. Devices with Fe/Pt and Cu/Pt weak links between Nb leads reveal a Josephson diode effect in an in-plane magnetic field with magneto-chiral anisotropy according to the point symmetry of Rashba SOC. The Rashba SOC originates from inversion symmetry breaking at the metal-metal interfaces. A control sample with a plain Cu-layer as weak link, in contrast, exhibits an axis-symmetric diode effect. The Fraunhofer patterns display an apparent inverted hysteresis which can be traced back to stray fields resulting from the conventional hysteretic vortex pinning in the Nb contacts.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports experimental observations of the Josephson diode effect (JDE) with magneto-chiral anisotropy in all-metallic lateral diffusive Josephson junctions. Devices incorporating Fe/Pt and Cu/Pt weak links between Nb leads exhibit the JDE under in-plane magnetic fields, with the anisotropy matching the point-group symmetry expected for interfacial Rashba spin-orbit coupling arising from inversion symmetry breaking at the metal-metal interfaces. A control device with a plain Cu weak link shows only axis-symmetric behavior. Apparent inverted hysteresis in the Fraunhofer patterns is attributed to stray fields from conventional hysteretic vortex pinning in the Nb contacts.

Significance. If the central attribution holds, the result is significant for demonstrating that interfacial Rashba SOC can be harnessed to produce non-reciprocal Josephson transport and magneto-chiral effects in simple all-metallic systems. This approach avoids ferromagnetic elements and complex oxide heterostructures, offering a potentially scalable platform for superconducting diodes and spintronic devices. The use of symmetry-based controls and the explicit link to known vortex pinning effects provides a clear experimental framework that could stimulate further work on interface-engineered SOC in superconductors.

major comments (2)
  1. [Results] § Results (angular dependence data): The central claim that the magneto-chiral anisotropy follows the specific point symmetry of interfacial Rashba SOC rests on qualitative symmetry matching and contrast with the plain-Cu control. However, no quantitative fit to the expected angular form (e.g., the characteristic sin(2θ) or equivalent dependence dictated by Rashba point-group symmetry) or scaling with Pt-layer thickness is presented, leaving open whether stray-field gradients from Nb vortex pinning or lateral current-path inhomogeneities could produce a similar angular response.
  2. [Discussion] § Discussion (origin of anisotropy): The manuscript attributes the observed effect to inversion-symmetry breaking at the metal-metal interfaces but does not include a microscopic estimate of the Rashba strength or a comparison against alternative mechanisms such as material inhomogeneities. This is load-bearing for the interpretation, as the control contrast alone does not quantitatively exclude conventional magnetic or geometric contributions in the lateral geometry.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Methods] The description of the in-plane field rotation and calibration procedure could be expanded with a schematic or additional details to clarify how the angular dependence is measured without introducing unintended out-of-plane components.
  2. [Figures] Figure captions for the Fraunhofer patterns would benefit from explicit labeling of the field-sweep directions to make the inverted hysteresis discussion immediately accessible.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their thorough review and valuable comments on our manuscript. We are pleased that the significance of the work is recognized. We address the major comments point by point below, indicating where revisions have been made to the manuscript.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: The central claim that the magneto-chiral anisotropy follows the specific point symmetry of interfacial Rashba SOC rests on qualitative symmetry matching and contrast with the plain-Cu control. However, no quantitative fit to the expected angular form (e.g., the characteristic sin(2θ) or equivalent dependence dictated by Rashba point-group symmetry) or scaling with Pt-layer thickness is presented, leaving open whether stray-field gradients from Nb vortex pinning or lateral current-path inhomogeneities could produce a similar angular response.

    Authors: We appreciate this observation. The angular dependence data were presented to demonstrate the qualitative agreement with the expected symmetry for interfacial Rashba SOC, as evidenced by the characteristic angular pattern and the absence of such anisotropy in the plain Cu control. To strengthen this, we have added a quantitative comparison by overlaying the expected sin(2θ)-like dependence on the revised figure, which shows reasonable agreement with the experimental data. We argue that stray-field gradients from vortex pinning would not selectively produce this symmetry only in the Fe/Pt and Cu/Pt devices while being absent in the control, as the Nb contacts are similar across all samples. We have included additional discussion on this point in the revised manuscript. revision: yes

  2. Referee: The manuscript attributes the observed effect to inversion-symmetry breaking at the metal-metal interfaces but does not include a microscopic estimate of the Rashba strength or a comparison against alternative mechanisms such as material inhomogeneities. This is load-bearing for the interpretation, as the control contrast alone does not quantitatively exclude conventional magnetic or geometric contributions in the lateral geometry.

    Authors: We agree that a microscopic calculation of the Rashba parameter would be ideal for a more quantitative interpretation. However, such calculations for these polycrystalline metal interfaces are computationally intensive and not typically included in experimental reports of this type. Instead, we have expanded the discussion section to include estimates based on literature values for Rashba SOC at similar metal interfaces and to explicitly compare against possible alternative mechanisms. We maintain that the specific symmetry observed, combined with the control experiment, strongly supports the interfacial Rashba origin over generic inhomogeneities or geometric effects, which would not exhibit the same point-group symmetry. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: experimental observations and symmetry-based attribution in a measurement-driven report

full rationale

The manuscript is an experimental study reporting measured Josephson diode effects and magneto-chiral anisotropy in fabricated Nb/Fe/Pt and Nb/Cu/Pt lateral junctions. Central claims rest on direct observations of angular dependence in in-plane fields, Fraunhofer pattern analysis tracing hysteresis to Nb vortex pinning, and explicit contrast with a plain-Cu control sample that shows only axis-symmetric behavior. No derivations, ansatzes, fitted parameters renamed as predictions, or self-citation chains appear in the provided text; the Rashba SOC attribution follows from matching the observed point symmetry to the known symmetry of interfacial inversion breaking, which is an external physical expectation rather than a quantity defined by the present data. The paper therefore contains no load-bearing step that reduces by construction to its own inputs.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on standard domain assumptions about Rashba SOC generation at interfaces and conventional vortex pinning in Nb; no free parameters or new entities are introduced in the abstract.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Inversion symmetry breaking at metal-metal interfaces produces Rashba spin-orbit coupling whose point symmetry dictates the observed magneto-chiral anisotropy.
    Invoked in the abstract to explain the difference between Fe/Pt, Cu/Pt and plain Cu samples.

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