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arxiv: 2601.15981 · v2 · pith:M66C7YTRnew · submitted 2026-01-22 · ⚛️ physics.optics · physics.ins-det

Mid-infrared high-sensitive cavity-free in-situ CO gas sensing based on up-conversion detection

Zhao-Qi-Zhi Han , He Zhang , Fan Yang , Xiao-Hua Wang , Bo-Wen Liu , Jin-Peng Li , Zheng-He Zhou , Yin-Hai Li
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Yan Li Zhi-Yuan Zhou Bao-Sen Shi
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-21 15:22 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.optics physics.ins-det
keywords CO gas sensingmid-infraredup-conversion detectionTDLAScavity-freeppb sensitivityin-situ monitoringSPAD
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The pith

Up-conversion detection converts mid-infrared CO absorption to visible light for silicon readout, achieving 79.6 ppb sensitivity in a cavity-free 0.14 m path.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper establishes that up-conversion shifts the mid-infrared absorption signal from tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy of carbon monoxide into the visible band. A silicon detector then reads the converted signal to determine gas concentration at high sensitivity. A sympathetic reader would care because this removes the need for specialized mid-infrared detectors or long optical cavities while still reaching parts-per-billion performance over a short distance. The approach works at room temperature and extends to single-photon detection after diffuse reflection with a SPAD. It also supplies a design method for turning the technique into practical tools.

Core claim

By employing the up-conversion detection to convert the mid-infrared absorption signal obtained by TDLAS to the visible light band, then utilizing a silicon-based detector, the work achieves the highest sensitivity of 79.6 ppb under cavity-free in-situ conditions with an absorption range length of only 0.14 m. Single-photon level real-time detection of CO concentration after diffuse reflection is realized using SPAD. This demonstrates the merits of up-conversion detection at room temperature and its capacity for high-sensitivity detection, while presenting a design methodology for advancement toward practical applications.

What carries the argument

Up-conversion detection, which shifts the mid-infrared TDLAS absorption signal into the visible band for readout by a silicon detector.

Load-bearing premise

The up-conversion process and silicon detection accurately reproduce the strength and lineshape of the original mid-infrared absorption signal without adding unaccounted noise, losses, or background that would lower the true sensitivity.

What would settle it

Independent verification of known CO concentrations using a calibrated mid-infrared detector over the same 0.14 m path, with direct comparison to the up-conversion results, would confirm or refute the reported 79.6 ppb sensitivity.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2601.15981 by Bao-Sen Shi, Bo-Wen Liu, Fan Yang, He Zhang, Jin-Peng Li, Xiao-Hua Wang, Yan Li, Yin-Hai Li, Zhao-Qi-Zhi Han, Zheng-He Zhou, Zhi-Yuan Zhou.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup. L terms: lenses; DM terms: dichromatic [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. CO concentration measurement results using upconversion system under [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Allan variance of absorption rate measured by upconversion detection at 5 ppm CO. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Comparison of measurement results between MCT and upconversion detection of 300 ppm [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Single-photon-level measurement scenarios and experimental results. (a)Schematic di [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. Absorption at 300 ppm CO. (a) Counts per bin recorded under varying photon fluxes. (b) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_6.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a significant indicator gas with considerable application value in atmospheric monitoring, industrial production and medical diagnosis. Its fundamental vibrational band locates around 4.6 $\upmu$m and has larger absorption line strength than that of overtone band, which is more suitable for the precise identification and concentration detection of CO. In this paper, the up-conversion detection is employed to convert the mid-infrared absorption signal obtained by TDLAS to the visible light band, then a silicon-based detector is utilized for detection. By which, we can achieve the highest sensitivity of 79.6 ppb under the condition of cavity-free in-situ with an absorption range length of only 0.14 m. Furthermore, the single-photon level real-time detection of CO concentration after the diffuse reflection is realized by using SPAD. This work demonstrates the merits of the up-conversion detection in terms of its functionality at room temperature and capacity for sensitivity detection. Furthermore, it presents a design and optimization methodology that has the potential to underpin the advancement of the method towards more practical applications, like industrial process monitoring, medical diagnosis and so on.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

3 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript demonstrates a cavity-free in-situ CO sensing technique that combines tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) at ~4.6 μm with up-conversion (likely sum-frequency generation) to shift the absorption signal into the visible band, where it is detected by a silicon photodiode or SPAD. The central experimental result is a reported sensitivity of 79.6 ppb achieved over an absorption path of only 0.14 m, together with a demonstration of single-photon-level detection after diffuse reflection.

Significance. If the up-conversion step is shown to preserve signal-to-noise ratio without introducing unaccounted noise or background, the approach would offer a practical route to high-sensitivity mid-IR gas sensing at room temperature using standard silicon detectors, avoiding the need for cryogenic mid-IR detectors or optical cavities. This could be relevant for compact industrial or medical monitoring systems.

major comments (3)
  1. The abstract states a sensitivity of 79.6 ppb but supplies neither the calibration data, the definition of the noise floor, nor the statistical procedure used to extract the limit of detection. Without these, it is impossible to verify whether the quoted figure is limited by the up-conversion process or by other experimental factors.
  2. No quantitative data are provided on up-conversion efficiency, pump-induced noise, phase-matching bandwidth, or the noise-equivalent power after conversion. These quantities are load-bearing for the claim that the visible-band detection reproduces the original mid-IR absorption depth and lineshape over the 0.14 m path without SNR degradation.
  3. The comparison between the up-conversion scheme and a hypothetical direct mid-IR detector on the same short path is not shown; such a baseline measurement is required to substantiate the advantage of the method.
minor comments (2)
  1. The abstract and introduction would benefit from a brief statement of the up-conversion crystal, pump wavelength, and phase-matching configuration to allow readers to assess the technical approach.
  2. Figure captions should explicitly state the integration time, averaging, and any background-subtraction procedure used for the reported spectra.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the detailed and constructive comments on our manuscript. We have carefully considered each point and provide our responses below, along with indications of planned revisions to the manuscript.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: The abstract states a sensitivity of 79.6 ppb but supplies neither the calibration data, the definition of the noise floor, nor the statistical procedure used to extract the limit of detection. Without these, it is impossible to verify whether the quoted figure is limited by the up-conversion process or by other experimental factors.

    Authors: We acknowledge that the abstract and main text would benefit from more explicit details on how the 79.6 ppb sensitivity was determined. In the revised version, we will add a dedicated paragraph or subsection describing the calibration procedure, the definition of the noise floor (based on the standard deviation of the baseline signal), and the statistical method (e.g., using the signal-to-noise ratio of 3 for the limit of detection). This will allow readers to assess the contributions from the up-conversion process versus other factors. revision: yes

  2. Referee: No quantitative data are provided on up-conversion efficiency, pump-induced noise, phase-matching bandwidth, or the noise-equivalent power after conversion. These quantities are load-bearing for the claim that the visible-band detection reproduces the original mid-IR absorption depth and lineshape over the 0.14 m path without SNR degradation.

    Authors: The full manuscript does discuss the up-conversion detection principle and experimental setup, but we agree that specific quantitative values for efficiency, noise, bandwidth, and NEP would strengthen the claims. We will revise the manuscript to include measured values for the up-conversion efficiency, an analysis of pump-induced noise, the phase-matching bandwidth of the nonlinear crystal, and the effective NEP after conversion. These additions will demonstrate that the absorption depth and lineshape are preserved with minimal SNR degradation. revision: yes

  3. Referee: The comparison between the up-conversion scheme and a hypothetical direct mid-IR detector on the same short path is not shown; such a baseline measurement is required to substantiate the advantage of the method.

    Authors: We understand the value of a direct comparison. However, performing measurements with a direct mid-IR detector on the same 0.14 m path would require a different experimental configuration, as our setup is optimized for up-conversion. In the revision, we will provide a theoretical comparison using typical specifications of mid-IR detectors (e.g., their NEP and operating temperature requirements) versus our silicon-based detection after up-conversion. This will substantiate the practical advantages of room-temperature operation and high sensitivity without cryogenic cooling or cavities. We believe this addresses the core of the comment without requiring new experiments. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: experimental sensitivity result with no derivation chain

full rationale

The paper reports an experimental achievement of 79.6 ppb sensitivity for CO detection using TDLAS with up-conversion to visible band and silicon/SPAD detection over a 0.14 m path. No equations, fits, or derivation steps are presented that reduce the claimed sensitivity to a fitted parameter, self-citation, or input by construction. The result is framed as a measured performance metric under cavity-free in-situ conditions, with no load-bearing self-referential logic or ansatz smuggling identified.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

The work is an experimental demonstration relying on established physical properties of up-conversion and photodetection; no free parameters, mathematical axioms, or invented entities are introduced or fitted in the abstract.

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