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arxiv: 2604.03255 · v1 · submitted 2026-03-11 · 💻 cs.CY · cs.HC

State of the Art Report for Smart Habitat for Older Persons -- Working Group 3 -- Healthcare

Birgitta Langhammer , Oscar Martinez Mozos , Ana Mendes , Joana Madureira , Lina Seduikyte , Martin Weigl , Heidi Salonen , Veronika Kotradyova
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Ondrej Krejcar Sarmite Mikulioniene Willeke van Staalduinen Carina Dantas Petra Maresova Barakovic Sabina Barakovic Husic Jasmina Jonathan Gomez-Raja
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Pith reviewed 2026-05-15 12:37 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.CY cs.HC
keywords smart ageinghealthy ageingsmart habitatshealthcareICTfurnitureolder personsstate of the art
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The pith

The report assembles current knowledge on furniture, ICT, and healthcare to support integrated solutions for healthy ageing at home.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This document compiles state-of-the-art reports from three working groups on smart and healthy ageing at home. The groups separately cover advances in furniture and habitats, information and communication technologies, and healthcare, including products, industries, and success stories. Their findings are presented as input for a fourth working group tasked with developing solutions for ageing well at home, in the community, and at work. A sympathetic reader would care because the compilation aggregates disciplinary knowledge to identify practical advances that could inform design and policy for older persons living independently.

Core claim

The document reports the state of the art of science and practice on furniture and habitats, ICT, and healthcare for smart and healthy ageing at home, with each section prepared by a separate working group of the Sheld-on COST Action to assess disciplinary understanding and identify advances, products, industries, and success stories.

What carries the argument

Three separate working-group assessments that compile disciplinary knowledge, advances in smart furniture and habitat, products, industries, and success stories across the domains of furniture and habitats, ICT, and healthcare.

If this is right

  • The compiled findings can directly feed into development of cross-domain solutions for ageing well at home, community, and work.
  • Identified advances in furniture, ICT, and healthcare can guide product design and industry uptake.
  • Documented success stories can be adapted or replicated in new settings to improve outcomes for older persons.
  • Convergence of the three domains in the fourth working group can produce more holistic approaches than any single domain alone.
  • The report serves as a reference point for researchers and stakeholders to build upon current practices.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The separation into three distinct sections may understate potential interactions between furniture design, ICT systems, and healthcare delivery that only appear when domains are considered together.
  • Future updates could track how quickly cited products and technologies become obsolete in this rapidly evolving field.
  • The report's structure suggests a template for similar multi-domain state-of-the-art compilations in other areas of assistive technology.
  • Practitioners could use the success stories as case studies for training or pilot projects without needing to consult the original sources first.

Load-bearing premise

The working group members' disciplinary backgrounds and chosen citations together supply a balanced and current overview of each domain without major gaps or selection bias.

What would settle it

A later independent review that finds substantial recent literature, products, or success stories in any of the three domains that are absent from the report.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.03255 by Ana Mendes, Barakovic Husic Jasmina, Barakovic Sabina, Birgitta Langhammer, Carina Dantas, Heidi Salonen, Joana Madureira, Jonathan Gomez-Raja, Lina Seduikyte, Martin Weigl, Ondrej Krejcar, Oscar Martinez Mozos, Petra Maresova, Sarmite Mikulioniene, Veronika Kotradyova, Willeke van Staalduinen.

Figure 1.1
Figure 1.1. Figure 1.1: Number of publications per keyword per year [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p072_1_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Publications that contain the “Robotics” properties per year [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p073_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Publications based on mentioned sensor position property per year [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p074_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Adoption, Acceptance, Accessibility selected publications per year [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p081_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Legal issues properties selected publications per year [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p082_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Meta-Analytical Review of Smart Ageing Solutions: (a) Smart Context; (b) Smart Ageing Determinants [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p085_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Meta-Analytical Review of Smart Ageing Solutions: (a) Service Users; (b) Service Verification with older adults [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p086_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Numbers of papers found in adoption/acceptance/accessibility search [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p087_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Papers per discipline [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p088_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Extended Technology Acceptance Model TAM2 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p089_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Unified Theory of Acceptance and use of technology model UTAUT7 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p090_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Model of adoption of technology in households MATH [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p091_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Extended Technology Acceptance Model for the Elderly (ETAME) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p092_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Model of Technology Adoption by Older Adults [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p093_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Elderadopt model – basic concepts [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p094_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Communication properties analysis per year [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p103_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Measured signals property analysis per year [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p104_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: QoL properties publications per year [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p122_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Medical conditions properties publications per year [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p123_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Application properties publications per year [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p124_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Publications per year based on Data Analytics property group [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p134_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Publications per year based on Medical Databases property group [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p135_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Publications per year based on the Caregivers sollutions property goup [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p137_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Publications based on the Security sollutions property group [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p138_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.1. Figure 2.1: Outcomes in muscle mass and strength throughout a lifetime [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p176_2_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.2. Figure 2.2: Costs of falls The reasons why older people fall are complex ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p177_2_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2.3
Figure 2.3. Figure 2.3: Reasons for falls On the individual level, exercise and training are recommended to maintain endurance, strength, and balance. Equally important is to adapt the environment and make use of assistive devices in order to lower the disability threshold. The most favourable solution is to combine the two. Frailty A growing body of evidence indicates that biological aging or frailty influences many negative h… view at source ↗
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.1. Figure 3.1: Left: Smart Furniture in a real application - clock antenna harvests energy from a typical WiFi router at a [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p188_3_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.2. Figure 3.2: Potential scenarios for wireless occupancy systems. Bed on top [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p188_3_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.3. Figure 3.3: Distribution of publications for the term “Smart Furniture” in ISI WOK database [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p189_3_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3.4
Figure 3.4. Figure 3.4: Distribution of patents throughout the years for Smart Furniture topic [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p190_3_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3.5
Figure 3.5. Figure 3.5: Distribution of patents throughout the years for “Smart Furniture” phrase anywhere in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p190_3_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3.6
Figure 3.6. Figure 3.6: Schema of Smart Furniture by Hagale et al. from IBM company in August 2004 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p191_3_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.1. Figure 4.1: Population pyramid EU-28, 2016 and 2018 (% of the total population)4 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p193_4_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.2. Figure 4.2: Smart ageing determinants This mapping provides a connection between smart ageing determinants and QoL dimensions, and results in QoL indicators for elderly. Knowing which features of smart ageing products and services affect which QoL dimension of elderly enables better targeting and effectively achiev- [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p199_4_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.3. Figure 4.3: Figure.4.3. Mapping between QoL dimensions and smart ageing determinants [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p201_4_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8.1
Figure 8.1. Figure 8.1: Different arrangements of risk management in one house in Bratislava, foto: Veronika Kotradyová [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p219_8_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8.2
Figure 8.2. Figure 8.2: Visual contact with outdoor within normal housing unit [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p221_8_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: DUNA bird watching near Bratislava is a great occasion for observing burds and other nature, project [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p221_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Sociofugal that reduce or even discourage communication and the right picture is an [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p223_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Housing settlement in Bamberg, Germany that was built on previous brown filed, consist of more different sorts [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p225_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8.7
Figure 8.7. Figure 8.7: Example of bringing local identity into the built –environment, Vigilius resort, architect [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p228_8_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: BAECH in the city, voluntary built temporary community center in Sandleiten, Vienna, workshop with participants [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p228_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: a Chair sitting actively creates a hump in the upper spine (left), concept of living room [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p230_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: c :Construcitve relaxing postion according to Galen Cranz [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p231_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8.10
Figure 8.10. Figure 8.10: premises of BCDlab at Faculty of Architecture, STU in Bratislava, where all options of body position, including [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p231_8_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8.11
Figure 8.11. Figure 8.11: Examples of well designed supporting sticks with added value, giving supportive tactile stimuli [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p232_8_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8.12
Figure 8.12. Figure 8.12: Exposition about Home health care in Frauenmuseum in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p234_8_12.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8.13
Figure 8.13. Figure 8.13: Hospital in Feldkirch, Vorarlberg, whre clay is used for main bearing wall., photo: Veronika Kotradyová [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p234_8_13.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8.14
Figure 8.14. Figure 8.14: : Addition of Hospic in St. Gotthard pass in Swiss, where [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p235_8_14.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8.15
Figure 8.15. Figure 8.15: Reconstructed waiting zone in foyer of pavilion M in National Onlogical Institute in Bratislava made for demon [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p236_8_15.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8.16
Figure 8.16. Figure 8.16: Reconstructed room for soaking mother milks at the department of neonatologiy, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p237_8_16.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8.17
Figure 8.17. Figure 8.17: .Measuring of EEG responses to various surfaces, using of EEG hotlers and EPOC plus and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p237_8_17.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

This document reports the State of the Art of science and practice on three topics related to smart and healthy ageing at home: furniture and habitats, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), and healthcare. The reports were prepared by the working groups of COST Action CA16226, Sheld-on. Sheld-on is a network of researchers, user representatives, industry members, and other stakeholders. The three domains covered in this report were the areas of interest for three working groups from the COST Action. The aim of each working group was to assess the State of the Art for disciplinary understanding, identification of advances in smart furniture and habitat, products, industries and success stories. The findings on these topics of all working groups are compiled here. Due to the different backgrounds of the members of each of the working groups, the document is divided in three separate parts that can be considered as separate State of the Art reports. The goal of this document is to be used as input in the fourth working group of Sheld-on COST Action: Solutions for Ageing Well at Home, in the Community, and at Work, where experts from the three different domains converge to a single working group in order to achieve the action objectives.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 3 minor

Summary. The manuscript compiles state-of-the-art reports from three working groups of COST Action CA16226 (Sheld-on) on smart and healthy ageing at home. It covers furniture and habitats, ICT, and healthcare, drawing on disciplinary expertise to identify advances, products, industries, and success stories. The document is structured as three separate parts due to differing member backgrounds and is positioned as input for a fourth working group on integrated solutions for ageing well at home, in the community, and at work.

Significance. If the literature summaries prove comprehensive and current, the report could provide a useful interdisciplinary reference for researchers and practitioners in smart habitats for older adults, highlighting practical examples that bridge domains. Its value lies in aggregating network insights rather than generating new predictions or derivations.

major comments (2)
  1. [Introduction] Introduction and overall structure: The central claim of reporting the 'State of the Art' for the three domains assumes balanced, current coverage from the working groups, yet no literature search methodology, databases, keywords, date ranges, or inclusion/exclusion criteria are described for any part. This omission is load-bearing because it prevents assessment of selection bias or gaps, directly affecting the report's reliability as a SOTA summary (see abstract's description of the three independent parts).
  2. [Healthcare section (WG3)] Healthcare section (WG3): Without a documented search protocol, it is unclear whether key recent advances (e.g., post-2020 developments in AI-enabled remote monitoring or integrated care platforms) were systematically considered or omitted due to member availability rather than exhaustive review. This weakens the claim of disciplinary understanding for healthcare applications.
minor comments (3)
  1. [Title and abstract] The title specifies 'Working Group 3 -- Healthcare' while the abstract and structure address three domains; clarify the overall scope and title to avoid confusion for readers.
  2. [Overall structure] Cross-references between the three parts are absent; adding brief pointers (e.g., how ICT solutions intersect with healthcare monitoring) would improve integration without altering the disciplinary separation.
  3. [References] Reference lists in each part should include DOIs or stable links where available to enhance reproducibility and allow readers to verify cited works.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive comments on methodological transparency. This manuscript compiles expert-driven state-of-the-art reports from the three working groups of COST Action CA16226 rather than conducting a formal systematic review. We address the points below and will revise the introduction and relevant sections to clarify the approach.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Introduction] Introduction and overall structure: The central claim of reporting the 'State of the Art' for the three domains assumes balanced, current coverage from the working groups, yet no literature search methodology, databases, keywords, date ranges, or inclusion/exclusion criteria are described for any part. This omission is load-bearing because it prevents assessment of selection bias or gaps, directly affecting the report's reliability as a SOTA summary (see abstract's description of the three independent parts).

    Authors: We agree that the methodology requires explicit description. The report synthesizes knowledge contributed by working group members based on their disciplinary expertise, ongoing research, known literature, products, and success stories within the COST Action network. It is not a systematic review. We will revise the introduction to state this expert-driven compilation approach, describe the working groups' composition, and note how contributions were gathered through network activities. This will allow readers to evaluate scope and potential biases. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Healthcare section (WG3)] Healthcare section (WG3): Without a documented search protocol, it is unclear whether key recent advances (e.g., post-2020 developments in AI-enabled remote monitoring or integrated care platforms) were systematically considered or omitted due to member availability rather than exhaustive review. This weakens the claim of disciplinary understanding for healthcare applications.

    Authors: The healthcare section draws from the expertise of WG3 members (researchers and practitioners in healthcare for ageing). While no formal search protocol was used, the content reflects their disciplinary knowledge at the time of preparation. We will add an explanatory note in the section on the basis of contributions. We will also review and incorporate additional references to post-2020 AI-enabled remote monitoring and integrated care platforms to strengthen coverage where they relate to smart habitats. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No derivations, equations, or self-referential predictions present

full rationale

This document is a state-of-the-art compilation report divided into three independent sections on furniture/habitats, ICT, and healthcare for ageing. It contains no equations, fitted parameters, predictions, or derivations that could reduce to its own inputs. The central claim is simply an overview of existing literature prepared by working groups; while selection of citations could raise coverage concerns, no step matches any enumerated circularity pattern (self-definitional, fitted-input prediction, self-citation load-bearing, etc.). The report is self-contained against external benchmarks as a descriptive summary without internal derivation chains.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

The report rests on the assumption that the three working groups collectively captured the relevant literature and practical knowledge in their domains. No free parameters, mathematical axioms, or newly invented entities are introduced.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5595 in / 998 out tokens · 26947 ms · 2026-05-15T12:37:50.429163+00:00 · methodology

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Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

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