pith. sign in

arxiv: 2605.00221 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-30 · ❄️ cond-mat.mtrl-sci

Dilute Zn alloying in biodegradable Mg wires: microstructure, mechanical performance, and degradation behavior

Ji\v{r}\'i Ryj\'a\v{c}ek , Leonard Hlod\'ak , Ji\v{r}\'i Li\v{s}ka , Jan Pinc , Tom\'a\v{s} Herma , Karel Tesa\v{r} This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-09 19:56 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.mtrl-sci
keywords biodegradable magnesium wiresMg-Zn alloyshot extrusionmicrostructuremechanical propertiesdegradation behaviorresorbable bone fixationin vitro corrosion
0
0 comments X

The pith

Low zinc additions leave magnesium wire properties largely unchanged

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper tests how small zinc additions below the solubility limit affect thin magnesium wires designed to dissolve safely after fixing small bones. Several Mg-Zn alloys were turned into wires by one-step hot extrusion, then examined for grain structure, tensile strength, bending response, and how they degrade in laboratory fluids. All compositions produced nearly the same fine recrystallized grains around 5 micrometers, tensile strengths near 250 MPa, and elongations of 23 to 28 percent, with zinc level showing only modest influence except for a sharper yield point at lower zinc. Degradation was fast and localized in simulated body fluid but slower and more uniform in a cell-culture medium that better matches living tissue conditions. These results position dilute Mg-Zn wires as a straightforward starting material for resorbable bone-fixation devices.

Core claim

In thin hot-extruded Mg-Zn wires with zinc contents from 0.4 to 1.5 weight percent, all alloys develop a recrystallized equiaxed grain size of 5.0-5.9 micrometers and display ultimate tensile strengths of 246-256 MPa together with elongations of 23-28 percent; zinc content exerts only limited influence on grain size, tensile behavior, or bending, although lower-zinc alloys exhibit a distinct yield point, while bending relies on extrusion texture and reversible twinning-detwinning; simulated body fluid drives rapid localized attack and mechanical loss within seven days, whereas DMEM-based medium more closely reproduces the expected in-vivo degradation profile.

What carries the argument

Single-step direct hot extrusion of dilute Mg-Zn alloys that produces a uniform fine equiaxed recrystallized microstructure controlling both mechanical response and corrosion mode.

If this is right

  • All four dilute compositions deliver comparable tensile and bending performance suitable for small-bone fixation.
  • Bending ductility is preserved by texture-driven twinning and detwinning rather than by zinc level.
  • DMEM-based medium supplies a more realistic proxy than simulated body fluid for predicting in-vivo corrosion.
  • Simple Mg-Zn compositions can serve as a base platform for further development of resorbable implants.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The narrow property variation across zinc levels may allow future tuning of corrosion rate or biological response without sacrificing strength.
  • If in-vivo tests confirm the DMEM results, these wires could support designs that eliminate the need for later surgical removal.
  • Varying extrusion temperature or speed could further adjust texture and twinning to tailor bending stiffness.

Load-bearing premise

That the laboratory degradation rates and mechanical-integrity loss seen in simulated body fluid and DMEM medium will match the actual timeline inside living bone tissue.

What would settle it

Animal implantation of the wires followed by measurement of pit depth, mass loss, and retained bending strength at successive time points, compared directly against the seven-day in-vitro results.

read the original abstract

Dilute Mg-Zn wires are of great interest for biodegradable small-bone fixation, as magnesium degradation can support bone-related processes, while low zinc additions may provide biological benefits without compromising biocompatibility. In this work, the influence of Zn content below the room-temperature solubility limit was assessed in Mg-Zn wires intended for resorbable implant applications. Mg-0.4Zn, Mg-0.6Zn, Mg-0.8Zn, and Mg-1.5Zn alloys were processed by single-step direct hot extrusion into thin wires and characterized by correlative microstructural analysis, tensile testing, bending experiments, and in vitro degradation. All compositions achieved a recrystallized fine equiaxed grain size of 5.0-5.9 um and exhibited ultimate tensile strengths of 246-256 MPa with elongations of 23-28 %. In these thin wires, Zn content had only a limited effect on grain size, tensile properties, and bending behavior, although lower-Zn alloys showed a pronounced sharp yield point. Bending was governed mainly by extrusion texture and preserved reversible plasticity through twinning and detwinning. Simulated body fluid caused rapid localized degradation and loss of mechanical integrity within 7 days, while the biologically more relevant DMEM-based medium better reflected the expected in vivo response. Together, these findings support dilute Mg-Zn wires as a simple material platform for the development of future resorbable bone fixation devices.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript investigates dilute Zn alloying (0.4-1.5 wt%) in hot-extruded Mg wires for biodegradable small-bone fixation applications. It reports that all compositions yield recrystallized equiaxed grains of 5.0-5.9 μm, UTS values of 246-256 MPa, and elongations of 23-28%, with Zn content exerting only limited effects on grain size, tensile properties, and bending behavior (except for a sharp yield point in lower-Zn alloys). Bending is attributed to extrusion texture and twinning/detwinning. In vitro degradation shows rapid localized attack and integrity loss in SBF within 7 days, while DMEM-based medium is presented as more representative of in vivo conditions. The authors conclude these wires provide a simple platform for resorbable bone fixation devices.

Significance. If the in vitro degradation mapping holds, the work demonstrates a straightforward single-step extrusion route producing consistent fine-grained Mg-Zn wires with reproducible mechanical performance, adding useful experimental data on microstructure-mechanical-degradation correlations in dilute biodegradable Mg alloys. The limited Zn effect and texture-dominated bending provide practical insights for implant design, though significance is tempered by the absence of in vivo validation.

major comments (2)
  1. Degradation results section: The claim that the DMEM-based medium 'better reflected the expected in vivo response' is presented without supporting in vivo implantation data, cited literature on DMEM-in vivo correlations, or discussion of confounding factors such as dynamic loading, protein adsorption, or fluid flow. This assumption is load-bearing for the final conclusion on suitability as a platform for resorbable bone fixation devices, where mechanical integrity retention during healing is essential.
  2. Tensile properties and abstract: The reported ranges (UTS 246-256 MPa, elongation 23-28%) and the 'limited effect' of Zn are given without error bars, standard deviations, sample sizes, or statistical tests for inter-composition differences. This makes it impossible to assess whether observed variations fall within experimental scatter, weakening quantitative support for the central claim of limited Zn influence.
minor comments (2)
  1. Methods section: Expand details on extrusion parameters (temperature, ram speed, extrusion ratio) and characterization techniques (e.g., EBSD scan parameters, grain size measurement method) to improve reproducibility.
  2. Figures and results: Add error bars to tensile and grain size data plots; ensure degradation SEM images clearly label immersion times, media, and scale bars for all compositions.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive feedback on our manuscript. We provide point-by-point responses to the major comments below, indicating where revisions will be made to address the concerns raised.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: Degradation results section: The claim that the DMEM-based medium 'better reflected the expected in vivo response' is presented without supporting in vivo implantation data, cited literature on DMEM-in vivo correlations, or discussion of confounding factors such as dynamic loading, protein adsorption, or fluid flow. This assumption is load-bearing for the final conclusion on suitability as a platform for resorbable bone fixation devices, where mechanical integrity retention during healing is essential.

    Authors: We agree with the referee that the original wording overstated the implications of our in vitro results. In the revised manuscript, we will modify the degradation section and abstract to state that the DMEM-based medium, which contains proteins and other biological molecules, is commonly regarded as more physiologically relevant than SBF for Mg alloy corrosion studies. We will cite relevant literature on this topic and explicitly discuss the limitations of our static immersion tests, including the absence of dynamic loading, fluid flow, and protein adsorption dynamics. Furthermore, we will adjust the conclusions to emphasize that while the wires show promise, in vivo studies are necessary to confirm mechanical integrity retention during the healing period. This revision ensures that the claim is no longer presented as definitively supported. revision: yes

  2. Referee: Tensile properties and abstract: The reported ranges (UTS 246-256 MPa, elongation 23-28%) and the 'limited effect' of Zn are given without error bars, standard deviations, sample sizes, or statistical tests for inter-composition differences. This makes it impossible to assess whether observed variations fall within experimental scatter, weakening quantitative support for the central claim of limited Zn influence.

    Authors: We appreciate this observation, as the statistical details were inadvertently omitted from the presentation. We will revise the results, discussion, and abstract to include error bars (standard deviation), specify the number of samples tested per condition (n=5), and add statistical analysis (one-way ANOVA with post-hoc tests) demonstrating that the variations in UTS and elongation across the different Zn contents are not statistically significant. This will provide quantitative support for the limited influence of Zn content in this dilute range. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: purely experimental measurements with no derivations or self-referential steps

full rationale

This is a direct experimental study reporting measured grain sizes (5.0-5.9 µm), tensile properties (UTS 246-256 MPa, elongation 23-28 %), bending behavior, and in vitro degradation rates in SBF and DMEM media. No equations, model derivations, parameter fittings, predictions, or self-citations appear in the provided text or abstract. All results are presented as outcomes of the current processing and testing procedures on the four alloy compositions, with no reduction of claims to prior fitted values or self-referential definitions. The central statements about limited Zn effect and suitability as a material platform rest on these fresh data rather than any circular chain.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

Experimental characterization paper with no mathematical derivations, fitted parameters, or postulated entities; relies on standard domain knowledge of hot extrusion and recrystallization in Mg alloys.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Hot extrusion of Mg alloys produces recrystallized fine equiaxed grains
    Invoked when describing the achieved microstructure of 5.0-5.9 um grains after single-step direct hot extrusion.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5604 in / 1440 out tokens · 69601 ms · 2026-05-09T19:56:05.775592+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

71 extracted references · 71 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Zhang, J

    Y. Zhang, J. Xu, Y.C. Ruan, M.K. Yu, M. O’Laughlin, H. Wise, D. Chen, L. Tian, D. Shi, J. Wang, S. Chen, J.Q. Feng, D.H.K. Chow, X. Xie, L. Zheng, L. Huang, S. Huang, K. Leung, N. Lu, L. Zhao, H. Li, D. Zhao, X. Guo, K. Chan, F. Witte, H.C. Chan, Y. Zheng, L. Qin, Implant-derived magnesium induces local neuronal production of CGRP to improve bone-fracture...

    work page doi:10.1038/nm.4162 2016

  2. [2]

    Yoshizawa, A

    S. Yoshizawa, A. Brown, A. Barchowsky, C. Sfeir, Magnesium ion stimulation of bone marrow stromal cells enhances osteogenic activity, simulating the effect of magnesium alloy degradation, Acta Biomater. 10 (2014) 2834–2842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2014.02.002

    work page doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2014.02.002 2014

  3. [3]

    X. Wang, A. Ito, Y. Sogo, X. Li, A. Oyane, Zinc-containing apatite layers on external fixation rods promoting cell activity, Acta Biomater. 6 (2010) 962–968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.08.038

    work page doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2009.08.038 2010

  4. [4]

    Qiao, K.H.M

    W. Qiao, K.H.M. Wong, J. Shen, W. Wang, J. Wu, J. Li, Z. Lin, Z. Chen, J.P. Matinlinna, Y. Zheng, S. Wu, X. Liu, K.P. Lai, Z. Chen, Y.W. Lam, K.M.C. Cheung, K.W.K. Yeung, TRPM7 kinase-mediated immunomodulation in macrophage plays a central role in magnesium ion-induced bone regeneration, Nat. Commun. 12 (2021) 2885. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23005-2

    work page doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23005-2 2021

  5. [5]

    Thanabal, R

    N. Thanabal, R. Silambarasan, P. Seenuvasaperumal, D.A. Basha, A. Elayaperumal, Microstructure and mechanical behavior of AXM Mg alloy systems—A review, Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 12 (2024) 2624–2646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2024.06.005. 25

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jma.2024.06.005 2024

  6. [6]

    Kubásek, D

    J. Kubásek, D. Vojtěch, Structural characteristics and corrosion behavior of biodegradable Mg-Zn, Mg-Zn-Gd alloys, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 24 (2013) 1615–1626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-013-4916-3

    work page doi:10.1007/s10856-013-4916-3 2013

  7. [7]

    Szczęsny, M

    G. Szczęsny, M. Kopec, Z.L. Kowalewski, Toxicity, Irritation, and Allergy of Metal Implants: Historical Perspective and Modern Solutions, Coatings 15 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15030361

    work page doi:10.3390/coatings15030361 2025

  8. [8]

    R. V. Badhe, O. Akinfosile, D. Bijukumar, M. Barba, M.T. Mathew, Systemic toxicity eliciting metal ion levels from metallic implants and orthopedic devices – A mini review, Toxicol. Lett. 350 (2021) 213–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.07.004

    work page doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.07.004 2021

  9. [9]

    Amerstorfer, S.F

    F. Amerstorfer, S.F. Fischerauer, L. Fischer, J. Eichler, J. Draxler, A. Zitek, M. Meischel, E. Martinelli, T. Kraus, S. Hann, S.E. Stanzl-Tschegg, P.J. Uggowitzer, J.F. Löffler, A.M. Weinberg, T. Prohaska, Long-term in vivo degradation behavior and near- implant distribution of resorbed elements for magnesium alloys WZ21 and ZX50, Acta Biomater. 42 (2016...

    work page doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2016.06.025 2016

  10. [10]

    N.G. Grün, P. Holweg, S. Tangl, J. Eichler, L. Berger, J.J.J.P. van den Beucken, J.F. Löffler, T. Klestil, A.M. Weinberg, Comparison of a resorbable magnesium implant in small and large growing-animal models, Acta Biomater. 78 (2018) 378–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.07.044

    work page doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2018.07.044 2018

  11. [11]

    Jäger, S

    A. Jäger, S. Habr, K. Tesař, Twinning-detwinning assisted reversible plasticity in thin magnesium wires prepared by one-step direct extrusion, Mater. Des. 110 (2016) 895–902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.08.016

    work page doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2016.08.016 2016

  12. [12]

    Nienaber, M

    M. Nienaber, M. Braatz, N. Ben Khalifa, J. Bohlen, Property profile development during wire extrusion and wire drawing of magnesium alloys AZ31 and ZX10, Mater. Des. 224 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111355

    work page doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111355 2022

  13. [13]

    TESAŘ, K

    K. TESAŘ, K. BALÍK, Z. SUCHARDA, A. JÄGER, Direct extrusion of thin Mg wires for biomedical applications, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 30 (2020) 373–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(20)65219-0

    work page doi:10.1016/s1003-6326(20)65219-0 2020

  14. [14]

    K. Chen, Y. Lu, H. Tang, Y. Gao, F. Zhao, X. Gu, Y. Fan, Effect of strain on degradation behaviors of WE43, Fe and Zn wires, Acta Biomater. 113 (2020) 627–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.028

    work page doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.028 2020

  15. [15]

    Ulugun, S

    B. Ulugun, S. Raguraman, N.B. Osei-Owusu, S. Raj, C. Ramirez, A.J. Griebel, T.P. Weihs, Role of microstructure, corrosion, and pit geometry in governing strength and ductility loss in biodegradable magnesium alloy wires, J. Alloys Compd. 1045 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.184566

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.184566 2025

  16. [16]

    M. Gao, D. Na, X. Ni, L. Song, I.P. Etim, K. Yang, L. Tan, Z. Ma, The mechanical property and corrosion resistance of Mg-Zn-Nd alloy fine wires in vitro and in vivo, Bioact. Mater. 6 (2021) 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.07.011

    work page doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.07.011 2021

  17. [17]

    Griebel, J.E

    A.J. Griebel, J.E. Schaffer, T.M. Hopkins, A. Alghalayini, T. Mkorombindo, K.O. Ojo, Z. Xu, K.J. Little, S.K. Pixley, An in vitro and in vivo characterization of fine WE43B magnesium wire with varied thermomechanical processing conditions, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 106 (2018) 1987–1997. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.34008

    work page doi:10.1002/jbm.b.34008 2018

  18. [18]

    Tesař, J

    K. Tesař, J. Luňáčková, M. Jex, M. Žaloudková, R. Vrbová, M. Bartoš, P. Klein, L. Vištejnová, J. Dušková, E. Filová, Z. Sucharda, M. Steinerová, S. Habr, K. Balík, A. Singh, In vivo and in vitro study of resorbable magnesium wires for medical implants: Mg purity, surface quality, Zn alloying and polymer coating, Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 12 (2024) 2...

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jma.2024.06.003 2024

  19. [19]

    Nandal, V

    V. Nandal, V. Beneš, P. Baláž, J. Ryjáček, K. Tesař, Accelerating the design of resorbable magnesium alloys: a machine learning approach to property prediction, Mater. Des. 266 (2026) 116060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2026.116060

    work page doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2026.116060 2026

  20. [20]

    Raguraman, M.S

    S. Raguraman, M.S. Priyadarshini, T. Nguyen, R. McGovern, A. Kim, A.J. Griebel, P. Clancy, T.P. Weihs, Machine learning-guided accelerated discovery of structure-property correlations in lean magnesium alloys for biomedical applications, Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 12 (2024) 2267–2283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2024.06.008

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jma.2024.06.008 2024

  21. [21]

    Kumar, S

    G. Kumar, S. Preetam, A. Pandey, N. Birbilis, S. Al-Saadi, P. Pasbakhsh, M. Zheludkevich, P. Balan, Advances in magnesium-based bioresorbable cardiovascular stents: Surface engineering and clinical prospects, Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 13 (2025) 948–

    work page 2025

  22. [22]

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.01.025

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jma.2025.01.025 2025

  23. [23]

    Yamagishi, N

    H. Amano, K. Hanada, A. Hinoki, T. Tainaka, C. Shirota, W. Sumida, K. Yokota, N. Murase, K. Oshima, K. Chiba, Y. Tanaka, H. Uchida, Biodegradable Surgical Staple Composed of Magnesium Alloy, Sci. Rep. 9 (2019) 14671. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598- 019-51123-x

    work page doi:10.1038/s41598- 2019

  24. [24]

    X. He, Y. Li, H. Miao, J. Xu, M.T. Ong, C. Wang, L. Zheng, J. Wang, L. Huang, H. Zu, Z. Yao, J. Mi, B. Dai, X. Li, P.S. Yung, G. Yuan, L. Qin, High formability Mg-Zn-Gd wire facilitates ACL reconstruction via its swift degradation to accelerate intra-tunnel endochondral ossification, Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 12 (2024) 295–315. https://doi.org/10.10...

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jma.2022.12.006 2024

  25. [25]

    J. Xie, T. Zhang, J. Jiang, W. Xue, W. Wang, J. Ni, X. Zhang, X. Liu, Advances in magnesium-based implants for biomedical applications: A comprehensive review and future perspectives, Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 13 (2025) 2978–3003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.05.009

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jma.2025.05.009 2025

  26. [26]

    Müller, F.A

    L. Müller, F.A. Müller, Preparation of SBF with different HCO3- content and its influence on the composition of biomimetic apatites, Acta Biomater. 2 (2006) 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2005.11.001

    work page doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2005.11.001 2006

  27. [27]

    Hlodák, J

    L. Hlodák, J. Liška, J. Čech, K. Trojan, K. Aubrechtová Dragounová, A. Materna, K. Tesař, Micromechanical and biodegradation properties of a rapidly solidified Mg-1.3Zn alloy with gradient microstructure, Mater. Des. 260 (2025) 115236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115236

    work page doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2025.115236 2025

  28. [28]

    C. Liu, X. Chen, J. Chen, A. Atrens, F. Pan, The effects of Ca and Mn on the microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of Mg-4 Zn alloy, Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 9 (2021) 1084–1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2020.03.012

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jma.2020.03.012 2021

  29. [29]

    Cha, S.H

    J.W. Cha, S.H. Park, Variations in dynamic recrystallization behavior and mechanical properties of AZ31 alloy with extrusion temperature, Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 11 (2023) 2351–2365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2022.10.003

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jma.2022.10.003 2023

  30. [30]

    Nelson, B.E

    D.G.A. Nelson, B.E. Williamson, Low-temperature laser Raman spectroscopy of synthetic carbonated apatites and dental enamel, Aust. J. Chem. 35 (1982) 715–727. https://doi.org/10.1071/CH9820715

    work page doi:10.1071/ch9820715 1982

  31. [31]

    de Aza, F

    P.N. de Aza, F. Guitián, C. Santos, S. de Aza, R. Cuscó, L. Artús, Vibrational Properties of Calcium Phosphate Compounds. 2. Comparison between Hydroxyapatite and β- Tricalcium Phosphate, Chemistry of Materials 9 (1997) 916–922. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm9604266

    work page doi:10.1021/cm9604266 1997

  32. [32]

    Koutsopoulos, Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite crystals: A review study on the analytical methods, J

    S. Koutsopoulos, Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite crystals: A review study on the analytical methods, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 62 (2002) 600–612. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.10280. 27

    work page doi:10.1002/jbm.10280 2002

  33. [33]

    McElderry, P

    J.-D.P. McElderry, P. Zhu, K.H. Mroue, J. Xu, B. Pavan, M. Fang, G. Zhao, E. McNerny, D.H. Kohn, R.T. Franceschi, M.M.B. Holl, M.M.J. Tecklenburg, A. Ramamoorthy, M.D. Morris, Crystallinity and compositional changes in carbonated apatites: Evidence from 31P solid-state NMR, Raman, and AFM analysis, J. Solid State Chem. 206 (2013) 192–198. https://doi.org/...

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2013.08.011 2013

  34. [34]

    Mesias, J

    V.St.D. Mesias, J. Zhang, W. Fu, X. Dai, J. Huang, Enhanced characterization of protein secondary structure transitions using Raman and SERS measurements combined with 2D correlation spectroscopy and principal component analysis, Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 343 (2025) 126607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2025.126607

    work page doi:10.1016/j.saa.2025.126607 2025

  35. [35]

    Williams, [14] Protein secondary structure analysis using Raman amide I and amide III spectra, in: Methods Enzymol., Academic Press, 1986: pp

    R.W. Williams, [14] Protein secondary structure analysis using Raman amide I and amide III spectra, in: Methods Enzymol., Academic Press, 1986: pp. 311–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(86)30016-8

    work page doi:10.1016/0076-6879(86)30016-8 1986

  36. [36]

    Sauer, W.B

    G.R. Sauer, W.B. Zunic, J.R. Durig, R.E. Wuthier, Fourier transform raman spectroscopy of synthetic and biological calcium phosphates, Calcif. Tissue Int. 54 (1994) 414–420. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00305529

    work page doi:10.1007/bf00305529 1994

  37. [37]

    Zhang, H

    L.Y. Zhang, H. Li, L.L. Hu, Statistical structure analysis of GeO 2 modified Yb 3+ : Phosphate glasses based on Raman and FTIR study, J. Alloys Compd. 698 (2017) 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.12.175

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.12.175 2017

  38. [38]

    Duffy, C

    T.S. Duffy, C. Meade, Y. Fei, H.-K. Mao, R.J. Hemley, High-pressure phase transition in brucite, Mg(OH)2, American Mineralogist 80 (1995) 222–230. https://doi.org/10.2138/am- 1995-3-403

    work page doi:10.2138/am- 1995

  39. [39]

    Dawson, C.D

    P. Dawson, C.D. Hadfield, G.R. Wilkinson, The polarized infra-red and Raman spectra of Mg(OH)2 and Ca(OH)2, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 34 (1973) 1217–1225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3697(73)80212-4

    work page doi:10.1016/s0022-3697(73)80212-4 1973

  40. [40]

    Y. Wang, Z. Fan, X. Zhou, G.E. Thompson, Characterisation of magnesium oxide and its interface with α-Mg in Mg–Al-based alloys, Philos. Mag. Lett. 91 (2011) 516–529. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500839.2011.591744

    work page doi:10.1080/09500839.2011.591744 2011

  41. [41]

    C. Zhao, X. Chen, F. Pan, J. Wang, S. Gao, T. Tu, C. Liu, J. Yao, A. Atrens, Strain hardening of as-extruded Mg-xZn (x = 1, 2, 3 and 4 wt%) alloys, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 35 (2019) 142–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2018.09.015

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2018.09.015 2019

  42. [42]

    J. Bai, C. Sun, C. Wang, Y. Shao, J. Meng, Q. Dong, F. Xue, C. Chu, Gradient textures induce micro-galvanic corrosion on Mg, J. Alloys Compd. 1005 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.176119

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.176119 2024

  43. [43]

    Q. Peng, X. Li, N. Ma, R. Liu, H. Zhang, Effects of backward extrusion on mechanical and degradation properties of Mg-Zn biomaterial, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 10 (2012) 128–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.02.024

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.02.024 2012

  44. [44]

    Afrin, D.L

    N. Afrin, D.L. Chen, X. Cao, M. Jahazi, Strain hardening behavior of a friction stir welded magnesium alloy, Scr. Mater. 57 (2007) 1004–1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2007.08.001

    work page doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2007.08.001 2007

  45. [45]

    K. Yan, J. Sun, J. Bai, H. Liu, X. Huang, Z. Jin, Y. Wu, Preparation of a high strength and high ductility Mg-6Zn alloy wire by combination of ECAP and hot drawing, Materials Science and Engineering: A 739 (2019) 513–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.09.007

    work page doi:10.1016/j.msea.2018.09.007 2019

  46. [46]

    Cheng, S

    Z. Cheng, S. Li, Y. Zhang, X. Wang, Q. Xie, K. Qian, Y. Shao, C. Chu, F. Xue, J. Bai, Research of a biodegradable Mg-5Zn wire for anastomosis staples, Mater. Lett. 352 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2023.135173

    work page doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2023.135173 2023

  47. [47]

    T. Tu, X.H. Chen, J. Chen, C.Y. Zhao, F.S. Pan, A High-Ductility Mg–Zn–Ca Magnesium Alloy, Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) 32 (2019) 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-018-0804-7. 28

    work page doi:10.1007/s40195-018-0804-7 2019

  48. [48]

    Drozdenko, K

    D. Drozdenko, K. Fekete, P. Dobroň, M. Knapek, K. Máthis, P. Minárik, M. Yamasaki, Y. Kawamura, The yield point phenomenon in ultrafine-grained dilute Mg-Zn-Y alloys, Mater. Lett. 330 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2022.133315

    work page doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2022.133315 2023

  49. [49]

    C. Wang, G. Yang, Z. Kan, W. Jie, A new perspective on tensile yield plateau formation in extruded Mg-4.83Gd-2.36Nd-0.21Zr alloy, Journal of Magnesium and Alloys (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.08.013

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jma.2025.08.013 2025

  50. [50]

    Wang, D.T

    H. Wang, D.T. Zhang, C. Qiu, W.W. Zhang, D.L. Chen, Microstructure and tensile properties of a low-alloyed magnesium alloy: effect of extrusion temperature, J. Mater. Sci. 58 (2023) 13502–13517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08877-7

    work page doi:10.1007/s10853-023-08877-7 2023

  51. [51]

    Lee, J.U

    G.M. Lee, J.U. Lee, S.H. Park, Variation in bending deformation behavior and improvement in bendability of extruded pure Mg through Gd addition, Materials Science and Engineering: A 855 (2022) 143940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143940

    work page doi:10.1016/j.msea.2022.143940 2022

  52. [52]

    W. Ren, C. Tan, R. Xin, X. Jiang, H. Huang, X. Chen, F. Pan, Texture effect on the neutral layer shift and twinning behavior in bending of Mg alloys: Crystal plasticity modeling and experiment, Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 14 (2026) 101967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2025.101967

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jma.2025.101967 2026

  53. [53]

    W. Ren, J. Li, R. Xin, Texture dependent shifting behavior of neutral layer in bending of magnesium alloys, Scr. Mater. 170 (2019) 6–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.05.028

    work page doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.05.028 2019

  54. [54]

    H. Wang, B. Raeisinia, P.D. Wu, S.R. Agnew, C.N. Tomé, Evaluation of self- consistent polycrystal plasticity models for magnesium alloy AZ31B sheet, Int. J. Solids Struct. 47 (2010) 2905–2917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2010.06.016

    work page doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2010.06.016 2010

  55. [55]

    N. Li, C. Wang, M.A. Monclús, L. Yang, J.M. Molina-Aldareguia, Solid solution and precipitation strengthening effects in basal slip, extension twinning and pyramidal slip in Mg- Zn alloys, Acta Mater. 221 (2021) 117374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117374

    work page doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117374 2021

  56. [56]

    Barnett, Twinning and the ductility of magnesium alloys, Materials Science and Engineering: A 464 (2007) 1–7

    M.R. Barnett, Twinning and the ductility of magnesium alloys, Materials Science and Engineering: A 464 (2007) 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.12.037

    work page doi:10.1016/j.msea.2006.12.037 2007

  57. [57]

    D. Shi, J. Zhang, Abnormal Twinning Behavior Induced by Local Stress in Magnesium, Materials 15 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15165510

    work page doi:10.3390/ma15165510 2022

  58. [58]

    Z. Shi, M. Liu, A. Atrens, Measurement of the corrosion rate of magnesium alloys using Tafel extrapolation, Corros. Sci. 52 (2010) 579–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2009.10.016

    work page doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2009.10.016 2010

  59. [59]

    Ha, J.-Y

    H.-Y. Ha, J.-Y. Kang, J. Yang, C.D. Yim, B.S. You, Limitations in the use of the potentiodynamic polarisation curves to investigate the effect of Zn on the corrosion behaviour of as-extruded Mg–Zn binary alloy, Corros. Sci. 75 (2013) 426–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.06.027

    work page doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2013.06.027 2013

  60. [60]

    Kirkland, N

    N.T. Kirkland, N. Birbilis, M.P. Staiger, Assessing the corrosion of biodegradable magnesium implants: A critical review of current methodologies and their limitations, Acta Biomater. 8 (2012) 925–936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2011.11.014

    work page doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2011.11.014 2012

  61. [61]

    S. Cai, T. Lei, N. Li, F. Feng, Effects of Zn on microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Mg–Zn alloys, Materials Science and Engineering: C 32 (2012) 2570–2577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2012.07.042

    work page doi:10.1016/j.msec.2012.07.042 2012

  62. [62]

    Zhao, L.-Q

    H. Zhao, L.-Q. Wang, Y.-P. Ren, B. Yang, S. Li, G.-W. Qin, Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Extruded Mg–Zn–Ag Alloys with Single- Phase Structure, Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) 31 (2018) 575–583. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40195-018-0712-x. 29

    work page doi:10.1007/s40195-018-0712-x 2018

  63. [63]

    Zhang, Y

    J. Zhang, Y. Gu, Y. Guo, C. Ning, Electrochemical behavior of biocompatible AZ31 magnesium alloy in simulated body fluid, J. Mater. Sci. 47 (2012) 5197–5204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-6403-5

    work page doi:10.1007/s10853-012-6403-5 2012

  64. [64]

    L. Xu, X. Liu, K. Sun, R. Fu, G. Wang, Corrosion Behavior in Magnesium-Based Alloys for Biomedical Applications, Materials 15 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072613

    work page doi:10.3390/ma15072613 2022

  65. [65]

    T. Lei, C. Ouyang, W. Tang, L.-F. Li, L.-S. Zhou, Enhanced corrosion protection of MgO coatings on magnesium alloy deposited by an anodic electrodeposition process, Corros. Sci. 52 (2010) 3504–3508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2010.06.028

    work page doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2010.06.028 2010

  66. [66]

    Gonzalez, C

    G. Gonzalez, C. Costa-Vera, L.J. Borrero, D. Soto, L. Lozada, J.I. Chango, J.C. Diaz, L. Lascano, Effect of carbonates on hydroxyapatite self-activated photoluminescence response, J. Lumin. 195 (2018) 385–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2017.11.058

    work page doi:10.1016/j.jlumin.2017.11.058 2018

  67. [67]

    Song, D.B

    R. Song, D.B. Liu, Y.C. Liu, W.B. Zheng, Y. Zhao, M.F. Chen, Effect of corrosion on mechanical behaviors of Mg-Zn-Zr alloy in simulated body fluid, Front. Mater. Sci. 8 (2014) 264–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11706-014-0258-4

    work page doi:10.1007/s11706-014-0258-4 2014

  68. [68]

    Gonzalez, R.Q

    J. Gonzalez, R.Q. Hou, E.P.S. Nidadavolu, R. Willumeit-Römer, F. Feyerabend, Magnesium degradation under physiological conditions – Best practice, Bioact. Mater. 3 (2018) 174–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.01.003

    work page doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.01.003 2018

  69. [69]

    H. Dong, F. Lin, A.R. Boccaccini, S. Virtanen, Corrosion behavior of biodegradable metals in two different simulated physiological solutions: Comparison of Mg, Zn and Fe, Corros. Sci. 182 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109278

    work page doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109278 2021

  70. [70]

    Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence , author =

    W.L. Cheng, Y.H. Liu, S.C. Ma, L.F. Wang, H.X. Wang, X.F. Niu, Microstructural Characteristics, Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of an Extruded Low-Alloyed Mg-Bi-Al- Zn Alloy, Front. Mater. 7 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.00055

    work page doi:10.3389/fmats.2020.00055 2020

  71. [71]

    Zhang, X

    S. Zhang, X. Zhang, C. Zhao, J. Li, Y. Song, C. Xie, H. Tao, Y. Zhang, Y. He, Y. Jiang, Y. Bian, Research on an Mg-Zn alloy as a degradable biomaterial, Acta Biomater. 6 (2010) 626–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.06.028

    work page doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2009.06.028 2010