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arxiv: 2605.15771 · v2 · pith:H7QUUTLPnew · submitted 2026-05-15 · ✦ hep-ph

Baryon and lepton asymmetry of the Universe in the left-right asymmetry model of weak interaction

A. P. Serebrov , O. M. Zherebtsov , A. K. Fomin , R. M. Samoilov , N. S. Budanov This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-22 10:20 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph
keywords baryon asymmetrylepton asymmetryleft-right modelquark-gluon plasmaSakharov conditionssterile neutrinosneutron decayCP violation
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The pith

Lifetime difference between neutrons and antineutrons generates baryon asymmetry during quark-gluon plasma hadronization in the left-right weak interaction model.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper examines baryon asymmetry formation inside the left-right asymmetry model of weak interactions. CP violation arises from a right-handed vector boson admixture whose mixing angle carries opposite signs for the W- and W+ bosons. This sign difference produces unequal lifetimes for neutrons and antineutrons that decay through those bosons, creating a net baryon excess as the quark-gluon plasma turns into hadrons below 150 MeV. The same model generates lepton asymmetry through sterile neutrinos that escape the plasma without thermalizing, carrying away lepton number of opposite sign and thereby preserving a nonzero baryon-minus-lepton difference. Sterile neutrinos are also proposed as a source of dark matter.

Core claim

Opposite signs of the mixing angles for W- and W+ in the left-right asymmetry model cause neutrons and antineutrons to possess different decay probabilities. The resulting difference produces baryon asymmetry during hadronization of the quark-gluon plasma at temperatures below 150 MeV. Sterile right-handed neutrinos simultaneously generate lepton asymmetry of opposite sign by leaving the cosmic plasma, so that the overall baryon-lepton asymmetry is preserved.

What carries the argument

Opposite-sign mixing angles for the charged vector bosons W- and W+ that produce CP-violating differences in neutron versus antineutron lifetimes.

If this is right

  • All three Sakharov conditions are satisfied naturally at the QCD phase transition without requiring higher-temperature processes.
  • Lepton asymmetry of opposite sign is carried away by non-thermalizing sterile neutrinos.
  • Sterile neutrinos left over from the process can form dark matter.
  • Higher-precision measurements of neutron decay asymmetry parameters can test the model directly.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Confirmation of a measurable lifetime difference would link a low-energy weak-interaction parameter to the cosmic baryon-to-photon ratio.
  • The mechanism predicts that baryon and lepton asymmetries are set at temperatures around 150 MeV, which could influence the timing of early matter clustering.
  • Dedicated neutron-antineutron lifetime or oscillation experiments could extract the sign difference of the mixing angles.

Load-bearing premise

The opposite signs chosen for the W- and W+ mixing angles create a lifetime difference large enough to produce the observed baryon asymmetry exactly during the transition from quark-gluon plasma to hadronic matter.

What would settle it

A measurement establishing that neutron and antineutron lifetimes are equal, or that their difference is too small to generate the required asymmetry at temperatures below 150 MeV, would rule out the proposed mechanism.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.15771 by A. K. Fomin, A. P. Serebrov, N. S. Budanov, O. M. Zherebtsov, R. M. Samoilov.

Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: The process of neutron decay and the process [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: The neutron decay process and the antineutron [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Graph from A.D. Sakharov’s article, which [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Graph from A.D. Sakharov’s article, which [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Diagram of active and sterile neutrinos. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Scheme of mixing of active and sterile neutrinos. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Scheme of mixing of active and sterile neutrinos. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: a) Laboratory and astrophysical constraints on the parameters of sterile neutrinos. Red dots – result of Neutrino￾4 experiment and possible mass of heavy right neutrinos; green area – constraints of NuSTAR experiment [20]; orange area – KATRIN, excluded with 95% confidence interval – constraints of KATRIN experiment for sterile neutrinos [21]; red area – 95% confidence constraints of experiments on measuri… view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Comparison of the results of the neutron decay analysis, which are also applicable to 𝐾 0 − 𝐾̅0 , 𝐷 0 − 𝐷̅0 , 𝐵 0 − 𝐵̅0 , 𝐵𝑠 0 −𝐵̅ 𝑠 0 mesons and 𝑛 − 𝑛̅ oscillations. In addition, the constraints from CPT invariance are shown for decays 𝜋 +𝜋 − and 𝜇 +𝜇 −. The ellipse at the origin is the result of the TWIST experiment [22] in the left-right model interpretation. Thus, to obtain the correct lepton asymmetr… view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: a) Comparison of the results of measuring the time dependence for the decay asymmetry [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: a) Comparison of the results of measuring the time dependence for the decay asymmetry [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: a) The process of suppression of oscillations with an increase in the distance between levels for particles and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_12.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Detailed diagram of the setup for measuring neutron decay asymmetry. Electron trajectories are shown in blue, proton trajectories in red. The white cylinder is at a potential of +30 kV. The yellow half-cylinders are the plates of high-voltage capacitors with a potential of 20 kV. It is also necessary to increase the accuracy of the Neutrino-4 experiment to search for light sterile neutrinos. To this end, … view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: a) The process of suppression of oscillations with an increase in the distance between levels for particles [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_12.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Detailed diagram of the setup for measuring neutron decay asymmetry. Electron trajectories are shown in blue, proton trajectories in red. The white cylinder is at a potential of +30 kV. The yellow half-cylinders are the plates of high-voltage capacitors with a potential of 20 kV. It is also necessary to increase the accuracy of the Neutrino-4 experiment to search for light sterile neutrinos. To this end, … view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The formation of baryon asymmetry in the Universe is considered in the left-right asymmetry model of weak interaction. In this model, the nature of CP violation is associated with the presence of a right vector boson admixture, with a mixing angle of different signs for W^- and W^+. This leads to the fact that lifetimes of neutrons and antineutrons that decay through W^- and W^+ differ. This difference gives rise to baryon asymmetry during the hadronization of quark-gluon plasma at temperatures below 150 MeV. During the phase transition from quark-gluon plasma to hadronic liquid, all three of A.D. Sakharov's conditions for the generation of baryon asymmetry in the Universe are satisfied: CP violation and process nonstationarity, resulting in baryon number violation due to the difference in the decay probabilities of neutrons and antineutrons. The generation of lepton asymmetry in the Universe in the left-right asymmetry model is associated with the presence of sterile (right) neutrinos, which do not thermalize and leave the cosmic plasma, takes away a lepton asymmetry with a sign opposite to the baryon asymmetry. Generally, baryon-lepton asymmetry arises during the hadronization of quark-gluon plasma, preserving the difference between the baryon and lepton numbers. A mechanism for the formation of dark matter by sterile neutrinos is presented. The possibility of increasing the experimental accuracy of neutron decay asymmetry measurements is noted, increasing the level of confidence in the validity of the left-right asymmetry model of weak interactions.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

3 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper proposes that in a left-right asymmetry model of weak interactions, CP violation arises from a right-handed vector boson admixture with mixing angles of opposite sign for W^- and W^+. This produces a lifetime difference between neutrons and antineutrons, generating baryon asymmetry during the hadronization of the quark-gluon plasma at T < 150 MeV while satisfying Sakharov's three conditions. Lepton asymmetry is generated by sterile right-handed neutrinos that escape the plasma, and a mechanism for dark matter from these neutrinos is outlined. The model is suggested to be testable via improved neutron decay asymmetry measurements.

Significance. If the central mechanism were shown to produce the observed baryon-to-photon ratio quantitatively and to operate at the claimed epoch, it would constitute a novel baryogenesis scenario tied directly to the QCD phase transition and to measurable properties of neutron decay. It would also link baryon and lepton asymmetries through sterile neutrinos while preserving B - L.

major comments (3)
  1. Abstract: The manuscript asserts that the lifetime difference between neutrons and antineutrons 'gives rise to baryon asymmetry during the hadronization of quark-gluon plasma at temperatures below 150 MeV' and that all three Sakharov conditions are satisfied during this phase transition, yet supplies no derivation or estimate of the resulting asymmetry value, no integration over the transition duration, and no comparison to the observed η ≈ 6 × 10^{-10}. Without such a calculation the central claim remains unquantified.
  2. Abstract and main text on the mechanism: The neutron mean lifetime (~880 s) greatly exceeds the Hubble time at T ≈ 150 MeV (~10^{-5} s), so the fraction of neutrons decaying inside the brief transition window is ~10^{-8}. The paper does not address how a net asymmetry can be generated or preserved when essentially all decays occur long after the universe has become hadronic, when inverse processes and scattering can erase any initial difference.
  3. Abstract paragraph on CP violation: The mixing angle is introduced with opposite signs for W^- and W^+ specifically to produce the required lifetime difference; no independent theoretical or experimental determination of its magnitude is provided, rendering the asymmetry a direct consequence of the parameter choice rather than a prediction.
minor comments (2)
  1. The abstract refers to 'left-right asymmetry model' without a clear definition or reference to the underlying Lagrangian; a brief statement of the model’s field content and gauge group would improve readability.
  2. The discussion of sterile neutrinos as dark matter candidates lacks any estimate of their relic density or decay lifetime, which should be added for completeness.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading and constructive comments on our manuscript. The points raised identify areas where additional clarification and elaboration will improve the presentation. We respond to each major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: Abstract: The manuscript asserts that the lifetime difference between neutrons and antineutrons 'gives rise to baryon asymmetry during the hadronization of quark-gluon plasma at temperatures below 150 MeV' and that all three Sakharov conditions are satisfied during this phase transition, yet supplies no derivation or estimate of the resulting asymmetry value, no integration over the transition duration, and no comparison to the observed η ≈ 6 × 10^{-10}. Without such a calculation the central claim remains unquantified.

    Authors: We agree that a quantitative estimate is necessary to substantiate the central claim. In the revised manuscript we will add an order-of-magnitude calculation of the generated baryon asymmetry. This will estimate the effective difference in decay probabilities, integrate over the duration of the QCD phase transition, and compare the result to the observed value η ≈ 6 × 10^{-10}. revision: yes

  2. Referee: Abstract and main text on the mechanism: The neutron mean lifetime (~880 s) greatly exceeds the Hubble time at T ≈ 150 MeV (~10^{-5} s), so the fraction of neutrons decaying inside the brief transition window is ~10^{-8}. The paper does not address how a net asymmetry can be generated or preserved when essentially all decays occur long after the universe has become hadronic, when inverse processes and scattering can erase any initial difference.

    Authors: The referee correctly identifies the timescale disparity. We will revise the manuscript to clarify that the net asymmetry arises from the non-equilibrium conditions and CP-violating rate difference precisely during the phase transition when Sakharov's conditions are satisfied. Once hadrons form, the generated baryon excess is preserved by baryon-number conservation in the subsequent hadronic era, where inverse processes are kinematically suppressed. A dedicated paragraph explaining this preservation will be added. revision: yes

  3. Referee: Abstract paragraph on CP violation: The mixing angle is introduced with opposite signs for W^- and W^+ specifically to produce the required lifetime difference; no independent theoretical or experimental determination of its magnitude is provided, rendering the asymmetry a direct consequence of the parameter choice rather than a prediction.

    Authors: The opposite signs of the mixing angles for W^- and W^+ are a structural feature of the left-right asymmetry model that supplies the required CP violation. While the magnitude remains a free parameter, we will expand the discussion to note that improved measurements of neutron-decay asymmetries (as already mentioned in the manuscript) can provide independent constraints, thereby increasing the model's predictive power. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity in the model derivation

full rationale

The paper introduces the left-right asymmetry model with a specific mixing angle choice for W^- and W^+ as the foundation for CP violation. The resulting lifetime difference between neutrons and antineutrons is a direct consequence of this model assumption, which then accounts for the baryon asymmetry during the phase transition. This represents a standard theoretical construction rather than a circular derivation where the conclusion is presupposed in the inputs. The chain is self-contained as a proposed mechanism satisfying Sakharov's conditions within the model's parameters, without reducing to self-citation or fitted inputs presented as predictions. The time-scale issue raised by the skeptic pertains to the physical viability of the mechanism, not to logical circularity in the derivation.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 1 axioms · 1 invented entities

The central claim rests on the left-right asymmetry model parameters and the existence of non-thermalizing sterile neutrinos; these are introduced without derivation from more fundamental principles or independent experimental anchors in the provided summary.

free parameters (1)
  • mixing angle
    The angle is assigned opposite signs for W^- and W^+ to produce the neutron-antineutron lifetime difference that drives the asymmetry.
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Sakharov's three conditions (CP violation, baryon-number violation, and departure from thermal equilibrium) are satisfied by the lifetime difference during the phase transition.
    Invoked directly in the abstract to conclude that baryon asymmetry is generated.
invented entities (1)
  • sterile (right) neutrinos no independent evidence
    purpose: Escape the cosmic plasma without thermalizing, carrying away lepton asymmetry of opposite sign and serving as dark matter.
    Introduced to explain lepton asymmetry and dark matter; no independent falsifiable signature is given in the abstract.

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