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arxiv: 2606.05383 · v1 · pith:PWY5VS2Qnew · submitted 2026-06-03 · 💰 econ.GN · cs.AI· econ.TH· q-fin.EC

Can AI Refute Economic Theory? Evidence from Beyond the Knowledge Cutoff

classification 💰 econ.GN cs.AIecon.THq-fin.EC
keywords economictheoryrefutechatgpterrorhumanmodelmodels
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Can artificial intelligence (AI) refute economic theory? I document experiments in which I asked several AI models (Gemini, Refine, Claude, and ChatGPT) to check the correctness of four published papers in economic theory, each containing an error that I helped identify or correct. ChatGPT Pro performed best, occasionally constructing counterexamples and corrected proofs, while other models fared worse. However, no model located a true error without substantial human guidance, and data contamination complicates interpretation. I argue that a competent human paired with a frontier model can outperform current peer review, but AI cannot yet refute economic theory on its own.

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