First-in-human quantum entanglement imaging

Aleksander Khreptak; Alessio Porcelli; Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk; Anand Pandey; Anna Sowa-Staszczak; Anoop Kunimmal Venadan; Atharva Dalvi; Bart{\l}omiej Rachwa{\l}; Bartosz Leszczy\'nski; Catalina Curceanu

arxiv: 2606.29421 · v1 · pith:DDYX72PQnew · submitted 2026-06-28 · ⚛️ physics.med-ph · quant-ph

First-in-human quantum entanglement imaging

Pawel Moskal , Deepak Kumar , Sushil Sharma , Ermias Y. Beyene , Neha Chug , Catalina Curceanu , Eryk Czerwi\'nski , Atharva Dalvi

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Manish Das Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk Sharareh Jalali Krzysztof Kacprzak Tevfik Kaplanoglu {\L}ukasz Kap{\l}on Kamila Kasperska Aleksander Khreptak Grzegorz Korcyl Tomasz Kozik Sumit Kumar Kundu Anoop Kunimmal Venadan Bartosz Leszczy\'nski Edward Lisowski Filip Lisowski Justyna M\k{e}drala-Sowa Simbarashe Moyo Wiktor Mryka Szymon Nied\'zwiecki Marta Opali\'nska Anand Pandey Piyush Pandey Alessio Porcelli Bart{\l}omiej Rachwa{\l} Magdalena Skurzok Anna Sowa-Staszczak Tomasz Szumlak Satyam Tiwari Pooja Tanty Keyvan Tayefi Ardebili Kavya Valsan Eliyan Ewa {\L}. Stepie\'n

This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-30 01:59 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.med-ph quant-ph

keywords quantum entanglementpositron annihilationpolarization correlationCompton scatteringin vivo imagingplastic scintillator PET68Ga-DOTA-TATE

0 comments

The pith

Annihilation photons from positron emission inside a living human exhibit a measurable degree of quantum entanglement.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper establishes that the polarization correlation of photons from electron-positron annihilation inside human tissue can be imaged in vivo. A patient received 68Ga-DOTA-TATE and was scanned with a plastic-scintillator PET system that records both interaction position and Compton-scattering plane for each photon. From the distribution of relative angles between those planes, the authors extract an entanglement parameter for the liver and spleen that sits between the value expected for fully separable photons and the value expected for maximally entangled pairs.

Core claim

By determining the relative angle between the polarization planes of annihilation photons via their Compton scattering directions in plastic scintillators, the degree of quantum entanglement can be imaged simultaneously with the conventional uptake map; the values obtained for liver and spleen lie between those predicted for separable states and for maximally entangled two-photon states.

What carries the argument

Relative angle between polarization planes of the two annihilation photons, extracted from the directions of their Compton scatters inside plastic scintillators.

If this is right

Entanglement maps can be produced in the same scan as standard PET uptake images without additional radiotracer or hardware.
Tissue-specific differences in entanglement degree become accessible as a potential contrast mechanism.
The method applies to any positron-emitting radionuclide used in clinical PET.
Preservation of partial entanglement inside the body is demonstrated for at least two organs.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

If the entanglement parameter varies systematically with metabolic or structural tissue properties, it could supply diagnostic information orthogonal to uptake intensity.
Extension to time-of-flight or multi-photon coincidence data might tighten the constraint on the extracted entanglement value.
Comparison of entanglement images before and after therapy could test whether the parameter tracks treatment response.

Load-bearing premise

The measured angle between Compton-scattering planes accurately reports the true polarization correlation of the photons inside living tissue without large systematic distortion from multiple scattering, attenuation, or detector response.

What would settle it

A phantom measurement in which known maximally entangled photon pairs (produced in vacuum or thin target) yield an extracted entanglement parameter statistically indistinguishable from the separable-photon expectation when imaged with the same scanner geometry and reconstruction.

read the original abstract

Annihilation photons are quantum-entangled in polarization, a phenomenon that has not been exploited in medical diagnostics so far. We present the first in vivo imaging of the degree of quantum entanglement of photons originating from positron-electron annihilation within a human subject. This study utilized the Jagiellonian Positron Emission Tomography (J-PET) scanner, constructed from plastic scintillators. In plastics, annihilation photons interact primarily via the Compton effect, which provides simultaneous information regarding the photon interaction position and time, as well as the photon polarization plane. The patient was injected with a DOTA-TATE radiopharmaceutical labeled with the $^{68}$Ga radionuclide. Using the J-PET scanner, we determined the image of the radiopharmaceutical uptake and, simultaneously, the image of the degree of quantum entanglement. The latter was determined from the relative angle between the polarization planes of the annihilation photons. The values of the degree of quantum entanglement extracted for the liver and the spleen are smaller than those predicted for maximally entangled two-photon states, yet larger than expected for separable photons. This demonstration opens new perspectives for the application of quantum entanglement in clinical diagnostics.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

This paper claims the first in vivo human measurement of annihilation photon entanglement using J-PET, but the abstract alone gives no data or corrections to judge whether the intermediate values are real or measurement artifacts.

read the letter

The core claim is that they imaged the degree of quantum entanglement for photons from a Ga-68 DOTA-TATE patient in liver and spleen, getting values between maximally entangled and separable states. The J-PET plastic scintillator setup is what enables simultaneous position, timing, and polarization-plane information via Compton kinematics, which is the technical step that makes the measurement possible.

What stands out is the experimental framing: they treat the relative angle distribution as a direct reporter of the initial two-photon state inside tissue. That is new for human subjects, and the scanner choice is a reasonable fit for polarization sensitivity.

The soft spot is exactly the one flagged in the stress test. Photons travel through tissue before detection, so multiple scatters, attenuation, and finite detector resolution can alter the observed angle distribution. The abstract gives no indication that these effects were modeled, bounded, or corrected, and no error bars or raw distributions are shown. Without that, the reported intermediate values could be an artifact rather than a property of the in-tissue state.

The work is aimed at nuclear-medicine groups exploring new PET contrast channels. A reader already working on J-PET or polarization-sensitive detectors would get the most from the methods section once it is available. The paper is coherent on its own terms and shows clear experimental intent, so it deserves a serious referee to check whether the propagation biases are actually controlled.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports the first in vivo demonstration of imaging the degree of quantum entanglement of annihilation photons originating from positron-electron annihilation in a human subject. Using the J-PET scanner with plastic scintillators, a patient injected with 68Ga-DOTA-TATE was imaged to produce simultaneous maps of radiopharmaceutical uptake and the degree of entanglement, the latter extracted from the relative angle between polarization planes of the two photons. The reported entanglement values for the liver and spleen lie between those expected for maximally entangled and for separable photon pairs.

Significance. If the measurements are robust, the work would constitute the first clinical application of quantum entanglement properties to medical imaging and could open new diagnostic modalities that exploit polarization correlations beyond standard PET intensity imaging.

major comments (2)

[Abstract] Abstract: the headline claim of intermediate entanglement values for liver and spleen rests on the untested assumption that the distribution of relative polarization angles measured via Compton scattering in the plastic scintillators faithfully encodes the initial two-photon state inside living tissue; the abstract provides no discussion, simulation, or correction for distortions arising from photon propagation, multiple scattering, attenuation, or finite detector resolution, any of which could produce the reported intermediate values as an artifact.
[Abstract] Abstract: no methods section, error bars, statistical analysis, patient demographics, or raw coincidence data are supplied, rendering it impossible to assess whether the extracted entanglement degrees are supported by the measurements or to reproduce the result.

minor comments (1)

[Abstract] Abstract: the phrase 'the image of the degree of quantum entanglement' is used without indicating how the per-voxel entanglement metric is computed or visualized.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive feedback on our manuscript reporting the first in vivo quantum entanglement imaging. We address each major comment below, indicating planned revisions where appropriate.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: the headline claim of intermediate entanglement values for liver and spleen rests on the untested assumption that the distribution of relative polarization angles measured via Compton scattering in the plastic scintillators faithfully encodes the initial two-photon state inside living tissue; the abstract provides no discussion, simulation, or correction for distortions arising from photon propagation, multiple scattering, attenuation, or finite detector resolution, any of which could produce the reported intermediate values as an artifact.

Authors: The J-PET scanner's use of plastic scintillators for simultaneous position, time, and polarization-plane information via Compton scattering has been characterized in prior publications, where the mapping from measured scattering angles to initial polarization correlation was validated under controlled conditions. We agree, however, that the submitted abstract does not explicitly discuss potential in vivo distortions. In the revised version we will add a concise paragraph (with supporting references or brief Monte Carlo considerations) addressing photon propagation, attenuation, and detector resolution effects to substantiate that the reported intermediate entanglement values are not artifacts. revision: yes
Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: no methods section, error bars, statistical analysis, patient demographics, or raw coincidence data are supplied, rendering it impossible to assess whether the extracted entanglement degrees are supported by the measurements or to reproduce the result.

Authors: The manuscript was prepared as a concise communication. Detailed acquisition and analysis procedures for J-PET polarization imaging are documented in our earlier technical papers on the scanner. To improve standalone reproducibility we will expand the text with a dedicated methods paragraph that includes patient demographics (age, injected activity, ethical approval), the precise definition and fitting procedure used to extract the entanglement degree, error bars derived from coincidence statistics, and a brief statistical summary. Raw coincidence lists cannot be deposited publicly without violating patient privacy regulations, but processed histograms and analysis code can be made available upon request. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; experimental measurement of entanglement degree from observed angles

full rationale

The paper reports an experimental demonstration in which the degree of quantum entanglement is extracted from the measured distribution of relative polarization angles obtained via Compton scattering kinematics in the J-PET plastic-scintillator scanner. This extraction follows standard quantum-mechanical relations between the two-photon polarization correlation function and the entanglement parameter; the reported intermediate values for liver and spleen are direct inferences from the data, not quantities fitted to or defined by the same data in a self-referential loop. No self-citations, ansatzes, or uniqueness theorems are invoked as load-bearing steps in the provided abstract or description. The derivation chain is therefore self-contained against external quantum-optics benchmarks and does not reduce to its inputs by construction.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only review yields no identifiable free parameters, axioms, or invented entities; the measurement relies on standard quantum mechanics of photon polarization and the known Compton scattering process in plastic.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5961 in / 1068 out tokens · 29873 ms · 2026-06-30T01:59:20.283203+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

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