Pith. sign in

REVIEW 2 minor 3 cited by

Rich Phenomenology from Simple Ingredients: A Review of Confining Dark Sectors

T0 review · 0 major / 2 minor · reviewed 2026-07-01 · grok-4.3

Pith's one-line read Confining dark sectors built from new non-Abelian gauge forces produce composite dark matter candidates and mechanisms that generate the observed similarity between dark and visible matter densities.

desk verdict This is a review that organizes existing literature on confining dark sectors with a focus on dark matter, but introduces no new results or calculations. read the letter →

arxiv 2606.30760 v1 pith:ORC7NU3B submitted 2026-06-29 hep-ph hep-ex

classification hep-phhep-ex
keywords confiningdarksectorscompositematternon-Abeliangaugetheoriesmesonsbaryonsabundancesimilarityphenomenologycosmology
topics Dark Matter
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper reviews models in which a new strongly-coupled gauge interaction confines at low energies, forming a dark sector separate from the Standard Model. These models yield stable dark matter particles in the form of dark mesons, baryons, and glueballs, whose properties arise from the same strong dynamics that govern ordinary hadrons. The review shows how such sectors supply both production mechanisms for the dark matter abundance and discrete symmetries that protect its stability. It maps out correlated signals across direct detection, indirect detection, astrophysical observations, and collider searches. A reader would care because these constructions address the abundance similarity puzzle while opening multiple experimental avenues from a small number of new ingredients.

What carries the argument

Confining dark sectors realized by new strongly-coupled non-Abelian gauge interactions, which produce composite states (dark mesons, baryons, glueballs) and discrete symmetries that ensure stability while supplying abundance-generating processes.

What would settle it

A dark matter particle discovered whose mass, spin, and interaction strengths cannot be realized as any composite state of a confining non-Abelian gauge theory, while the cosmic density ratio between dark and visible matter remains unexplained by other means.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that theories with confining dark sectors—new non-Abelian gauge interactions that become strong at low energies—lead to a variety of stable dark matter candidates including dark mesons, baryons, and glueballs, along with mechanisms for generating their abundance and explaining the similarity between dark and visible matter densities. These models also predict correlated signals in multiple experimental channels.

Load-bearing premise

That unifying features and calculational techniques apply across the various regimes of the theoretical landscape of confining dark sectors.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Dark matter need not be elementary but can be composite bound states whose spectrum is calculable from the new gauge dynamics.
  • The similarity between visible and dark matter densities can arise from shared production mechanisms or symmetry relations without additional tuning.
  • Signals in direct detection, colliders, and indirect searches become correlated, so a signal in one channel predicts the strength of signals in others.
  • The same framework can address multiple Standard Model puzzles simultaneously through the new gauge sector.
  • Calculational tools developed for ordinary QCD can be adapted to predict dark sector observables in different coupling regimes.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the framework holds, precision measurements of the dark matter density ratio could directly constrain the new gauge coupling and confinement scale.
  • Hidden valley scenarios at colliders would then be reinterpreted as concrete realizations of confining dark sectors rather than generic hidden sectors.
  • Astrophysical probes of dark matter self-interactions could test the composite nature of the candidates without requiring direct production.
  • The approach suggests that solving the abundance similarity puzzle may simultaneously resolve questions about dark matter stability and detection rates.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

0 major / 2 minor

Summary. This manuscript reviews theories with confining dark sectors arising from new strongly-coupled non-Abelian gauge interactions. It surveys dark matter candidates including dark mesons, baryons, and glueballs; mechanisms for generating the dark matter abundance; symmetries ensuring stability; and discovery channels spanning direct detection, indirect detection, astrophysical observables, and colliders. The review compiles existing literature, notes correlations between observables, and particularly emphasizes applications to the visible-dark matter abundance similarity puzzle, while identifying unifying features and calculational techniques across regimes.

Significance. If the literature compilation is accurate and reasonably comprehensive, the review provides a useful conceptual map for theorists seeking open questions and for experimentalists identifying novel search strategies. It consolidates a broad class of models under a common framework without introducing new primary calculations.

minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract, final paragraph: the claim that 'unifying features and calculational techniques' apply across regimes is stated at a high level; a brief illustrative example or reference to a specific section would strengthen the point for readers.
  2. [Abstract] The manuscript title and abstract use 'Rich Phenomenology from Simple Ingredients'; consider adding a short footnote or sentence clarifying the scope of 'simple ingredients' (e.g., minimal gauge groups and matter content) to avoid ambiguity.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive assessment of the manuscript, including the recognition of its value as a conceptual map for theorists and experimentalists, and for the recommendation to accept. We are pleased that the review is viewed as consolidating the literature on confining dark sectors without introducing new primary calculations.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity identified

full rationale

This is a review paper that compiles and surveys existing literature on confining dark sectors, without presenting original derivations, predictions, equations, or fitted results. The abstract explicitly frames the work as a 'broad conceptual overview of the literature' aimed at highlighting open questions and search opportunities, with no load-bearing claims that reduce to self-definition, fitted inputs renamed as predictions, or self-citation chains. No derivation chain exists to inspect, so the paper is self-contained as a literature compilation against external benchmarks.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 0 assumptions · 0 invented entities

As a review the paper introduces no new free parameters, axioms, or invented entities; it summarizes models already present in the cited literature.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Rich Phenomenology from Simple Ingredients: A Review of Confining Dark Sectors." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/ORC7NU3B

@misc{pith2026260630760,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Rich Phenomenology from Simple Ingredients: A Review of Confining Dark Sectors},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/ORC7NU3B}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2606.30760}
}
abstract

We review theories with confining dark sectors and their implications for dark matter, cosmology, phenomenology, and unsolved Standard Model puzzles. Models with new strongly-coupled non-Abelian gauge interactions can lead to a variety of dark matter candidates (dark mesons, baryons, glueballs, etc.), as well as mechanisms to generate its abundance and symmetries that explain its stability. There are also many potential discovery channels, including direct detection, indirect detection, astrophysical observables, and colliders, as well as correlations between different experiments. We compile a broad conceptual overview of the literature on this topic, aimed at both theorists looking for which questions remain unanswered and experimentalists looking for novel search opportunities. While the theoretical landscape is vast, there are both unifying features and calculational techniques that apply to various regimes. We particularly highlight applications to explaining the similarity of visible and dark matter energy densities, i.e. the $abundance~similarity~puzzle$. We advocate further exploration of this class of theories in the effort to uncover physics beyond the Standard Model.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.30760 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Overview of motivations and common features of confining dark sectors. They can be used to solve a variety of theoretical puzzles, and the rich dark hadron spectrum leads to opportunities in theory modeling, exciting experimental signatures, and various naturally stable DM candidates. While the space of theories and applications is vast, commonalities in analysis methods and correlations among experimental signals m… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Overview of some portal interactions that can connect the dark partons to the SM. Crossed dots denote where there may be higher-dimensional operators or mixings inserted. remainder of this section, we focus on the DM candidate as the categorization principle, and each of the other aforementioned schemes is addressed in the following sections. 2.1 Dark Baryons One of the few things we know about the nature of DM is t… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Different phases of heavy dark quarks (black dots) being trapped in pockets of the deconfined phase (light purple) as the phase transition to the confined phase (dark purple) proceeds. In every single pocket (second row), dark quarks eventually recouple and the pocket shrinks, go through both annihilation and dark baryon DM (orange) formation. Eventually, only a small fraction of quarks in each pocket survives this … view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (4 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Schematic examples of common mediators enabling confined DM to scatter off SM nuclei. scalar technibaryon DM first occurs through the charge-radius interaction. A general low￾energy framework for constraining electromagnetic form factors of DM was developed in Ref. [24…
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Overview of some portal interactions that can connect dark hadrons either directly or indirectly to the SM, focusing on those relevant to collider phenomenology. Crossed dots denote where there may be higher-dimensional operators or mixings inserted. a chiral anomaly b…
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Sketch of mass scale regimes for collider phenomenology in terms of the dark quark mass mq and the dark sector confinement scale ΛD. The characteristic scale of the hard interaction Q is held fixed in the plot, though it can vary event-by-event due to parton distributi…
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Sketches of how various exotic/long-lived particle collider signatures would look inside the detector, similar to those in Refs. [481, 482]. Solid blue lines denote visible particles (which in some cases must be charged when tracking is essential), dashed black lines d…

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Forward citations

Cited by 3 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Dark Neutrons as Dark Matter: Collisions in Halos and Direct Detection from Dark CP Violation

    hep-ph 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    A non-zero topological angle in a confining dark sector induces CP-violating pion-baryon couplings that naturally generate velocity-dependent dark matter self-interactions and dark electric dipole moments for direct d...

  2. Long-Lived Dark Hadrons at the Electron-Ion Collider

    hep-ph 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A benchmark dark-QCD model with long-lived dark pions mixing into an axion-like state could let the EIC probe electron-portal couplings and dark pion masses beyond the reach of B-factories.

  3. Dark matter in composite Higgs models with a scotogenic EFT

    hep-ph 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    In the SU(6)/Sp(6) composite Higgs model with a scotogenic Z2, three of four neutral pseudo-Goldstone dark matter candidates can reproduce the observed relic density, while the SU(2)L triplet candidate fails; spin-1 r...

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

300 extracted references · 300 canonical work pages · cited by 3 Pith papers

  1. [1]

    Dark Matter

    M. Cirelli, A. Strumia, and J. Zupan, “Dark Matter,”arXiv:2406.01705 [hep-ph]. 3

  2. [2]

    Cosmological Lower Bound on Heavy Neutrino Masses,

    B. W. Lee and S. Weinberg, “Cosmological Lower Bound on Heavy Neutrino Masses,”Phys. Rev. Lett.39(1977) 165–168. 3

  3. [3]

    Cosmology of the Invisible Axion,

    J. Preskill, M. B. Wise, and F. Wilczek, “Cosmology of the Invisible Axion,”Phys. Lett. B120(1983) 127–132. 3

  4. [4]

    The Waning of the WIMP: Endgame?

    G. Arcadi, D. Cabo-Almeida, M. Dutra, P. Ghosh, M. Lindner, Y. Mambrini, J. P. Neto, M. Pierre, S. Profumo, and F. S. Queiroz, “The Waning of the WIMP: Endgame?,”Eur. Phys. J. C85(2025) no. 2, 152,arXiv:2403.15860 [hep-ph]. 3

  5. [5]

    Searching for the QCD Dark Matter Axion

    M. Baryakhtar, L. Rosenberg, and G. Rybka, “Searching for the QCD Dark Matter Axion,”arXiv:2504.10607 [hep-ex]. 3

  6. [6]

    TECHNOCOSMOLOGY: COULD A TECHNIBARYON EXCESS PROVIDE A ’NATURAL’ MISSING MASS CANDIDATE?,

    S. Nussinov, “TECHNOCOSMOLOGY: COULD A TECHNIBARYON EXCESS PROVIDE A ’NATURAL’ MISSING MASS CANDIDATE?,”Phys. Lett. B165 (1985) 55–58. 3, 8

  7. [7]

    TECHNICOLOR COSMOLOGY,

    R. S. Chivukula and T. P. Walker, “TECHNICOLOR COSMOLOGY,”Nucl. Phys. B329(1990) 445–463. 3, 16

  8. [8]

    Electroweak Fermion Number Violation and the Production of Stable Particles in the Early Universe,

    S. M. Barr, R. S. Chivukula, and E. Farhi, “Electroweak Fermion Number Violation and the Production of Stable Particles in the Early Universe,”Phys. Lett. B241 (1990) 387–391. 3

Show all 300 references
  1. [9]

    Detecting technibaryon dark matter,

    J. Bagnasco, M. Dine, and S. D. Thomas, “Detecting technibaryon dark matter,” Phys. Lett. B320(1994) 99–104,arXiv:hep-ph/9310290. 3, 9, 20

  2. [10]

    Towards working technicolor: Effective theories and dark matter,

    S. B. Gudnason, C. Kouvaris, and F. Sannino, “Towards working technicolor: Effective theories and dark matter,”Phys. Rev. D73(2006) 115003, arXiv:hep-ph/0603014. 3, 9

  3. [11]

    Dark Matter from new Technicolor Theories,

    S. B. Gudnason, C. Kouvaris, and F. Sannino, “Dark Matter from new Technicolor Theories,”Phys. Rev. D74(2006) 095008,arXiv:hep-ph/0608055. 3, 9

  4. [12]

    Ultra Minimal Technicolor and its Dark Matter TIMP,

    T. A. Ryttov and F. Sannino, “Ultra Minimal Technicolor and its Dark Matter TIMP,”Phys. Rev. D78(2008) 115010,arXiv:0809.0713 [hep-ph]. 3, 9

  5. [13]

    Technicolor Dark Matter,

    R. Foadi, M. T. Frandsen, and F. Sannino, “Technicolor Dark Matter,”Phys. Rev. D 80(2009) 037702,arXiv:0812.3406 [hep-ph]. 3

  6. [14]

    Secluded WIMP Dark Matter,

    M. Pospelov, A. Ritz, and M. B. Voloshin, “Secluded WIMP Dark Matter,”Phys. Lett. B662(2008) 53–61,arXiv:0711.4866 [hep-ph]. 3

  7. [15]

    Atomic Dark Matter,

    D. E. Kaplan, G. Z. Krnjaic, K. R. Rehermann, and C. M. Wells, “Atomic Dark Matter,”JCAP05(2010) 021,arXiv:0909.0753 [hep-ph]. 4

  8. [16]

    LargeN-ightmare Dark Matter,

    L. Morrison, S. Profumo, and D. J. Robinson, “LargeN-ightmare Dark Matter,” JCAP05(2021) 058,arXiv:2010.03586 [hep-ph]. 4, 14, 15, 45 50

  9. [17]

    Composite Scalar Dark Matter,

    M. Frigerio, A. Pomarol, F. Riva, and A. Urbano, “Composite Scalar Dark Matter,” JHEP07(2012) 015,arXiv:1204.2808 [hep-ph]. 4

  10. [18]

    Composite Dark Matter and LHC Interplay,

    D. Marzocca and A. Urbano, “Composite Dark Matter and LHC Interplay,”JHEP 07(2014) 107,arXiv:1404.7419 [hep-ph]. 4

  11. [19]

    The Unnatural Composite Higgs,

    J. Barnard, T. Gherghetta, T. S. Ray, and A. Spray, “The Unnatural Composite Higgs,”JHEP01(2015) 067,arXiv:1409.7391 [hep-ph]. 4

  12. [20]

    A Dark matter candidate with new strong interactions,

    T. Banks, J. D. Mason, and D. O’Neil, “A Dark matter candidate with new strong interactions,”Phys. Rev. D72(2005) 043530,arXiv:hep-ph/0506015. 4, 46

  13. [21]

    Composite messenger baryon as a cold dark matter,

    K. Hamaguchi, S. Shirai, and T. T. Yanagida, “Composite messenger baryon as a cold dark matter,”Phys. Lett. B654(2007) 110–112,arXiv:0707.2463 [hep-ph]. 4, 46

  14. [22]

    Decaying Dark Matter Baryons in a Composite Messenger Model,

    K. Hamaguchi, E. Nakamura, S. Shirai, and T. T. Yanagida, “Decaying Dark Matter Baryons in a Composite Messenger Model,”Phys. Lett. B674(2009) 299–302, arXiv:0811.0737 [hep-ph]. 4, 46

  15. [23]

    Cosmic Signals from the Hidden Sector,

    J. Mardon, Y. Nomura, and J. Thaler, “Cosmic Signals from the Hidden Sector,” Phys. Rev. D80(2009) 035013,arXiv:0905.3749 [hep-ph]. 4, 46

  16. [24]

    Low-Scale Gauge Mediation and Composite Messenger Dark Matter,

    K. Hamaguchi, E. Nakamura, S. Shirai, and T. T. Yanagida, “Low-Scale Gauge Mediation and Composite Messenger Dark Matter,”JHEP04(2010) 119, arXiv:0912.1683 [hep-ph]. 4, 46

  17. [25]

    A COMPOSITE INVISIBLE AXION,

    J. E. Kim, “A COMPOSITE INVISIBLE AXION,”Phys. Rev. D31(1985) 1733. 4

  18. [26]

    Composite axion models and Planck scale physics,

    L. Randall, “Composite axion models and Planck scale physics,”Phys. Lett. B284 (1992) 77–80. 4

  19. [27]

    The Strong CP problem versus Planck scale physics,

    B. A. Dobrescu, “The Strong CP problem versus Planck scale physics,”Phys. Rev. D 55(1997) 5826–5833,arXiv:hep-ph/9609221. 4

  20. [28]

    Warped axions,

    T. Flacke, B. Gripaios, J. March-Russell, and D. Maybury, “Warped axions,”JHEP 01(2007) 061,arXiv:hep-ph/0611278. 4

  21. [29]

    Composite Accidental Axions,

    M. Redi and R. Sato, “Composite Accidental Axions,”JHEP05(2016) 104, arXiv:1602.05427 [hep-ph]. 4

  22. [30]

    Accidental Peccei-Quinn symmetry protected to arbitrary order,

    L. Di Luzio, E. Nardi, and L. Ubaldi, “Accidental Peccei-Quinn symmetry protected to arbitrary order,”Phys. Rev. Lett.119(2017) no. 1, 011801,arXiv:1704.01122 [hep-ph]. 4

  23. [31]

    A Composite Axion from a Supersymmetric Product Group,

    B. Lillard and T. M. P. Tait, “A Composite Axion from a Supersymmetric Product Group,”JHEP11(2017) 005,arXiv:1707.04261 [hep-ph]. 4

  24. [32]

    A High Quality Composite Axion,

    B. Lillard and T. M. P. Tait, “A High Quality Composite Axion,”JHEP11(2018) 199,arXiv:1811.03089 [hep-ph]. 4

  25. [33]

    A Holographic Perspective on the Axion Quality Problem,

    P. Cox, T. Gherghetta, and M. D. Nguyen, “A Holographic Perspective on the Axion Quality Problem,”JHEP01(2020) 188,arXiv:1911.09385 [hep-ph]. 4

  26. [34]

    A Composite Higgs with a Heavy Composite Axion,

    T. Gherghetta and M. D. Nguyen, “A Composite Higgs with a Heavy Composite Axion,”JHEP12(2020) 094,arXiv:2007.10875 [hep-ph]. 4 51

  27. [35]

    Chiral models of composite axions and accidental Peccei-Quinn symmetry,

    R. Contino, A. Podo, and F. Revello, “Chiral models of composite axions and accidental Peccei-Quinn symmetry,”JHEP04(2022) 180,arXiv:2112.09635 [hep-ph]. 4

  28. [36]

    High-quality composite Pati-Salam axion,

    T. Gherghetta, H. Murayama, and P. Qu´ ılez, “High-quality composite Pati-Salam axion,”Phys. Rev. D112(2025) no. 9, 095036,arXiv:2505.08866 [hep-ph]. 4

  29. [37]

    A High-Quality Axion from Exact SUSY Chiral Dynamics,

    T. Gherghetta, H. Murayama, B. Noether, and P. Qu´ ılez, “A High-Quality Axion from Exact SUSY Chiral Dynamics,”arXiv:2508.21813 [hep-ph]. 4, 46

  30. [38]

    Axion quality problem: keep calm and baryon,

    P. Agrawal, A. Hook, V. Loladze, and M. Reig, “Axion quality problem: keep calm and baryon,”JHEP03(2026) 041,arXiv:2510.07366 [hep-ph]. 4

  31. [39]

    Towards a post-inflationary composite axion model,

    A. Azatov, M. Mahdi Khalil, and M. Suzuki, “Towards a post-inflationary composite axion model,”JHEP03(2026) 143,arXiv:2510.18538 [hep-ph]. 4

  32. [40]

    Axiverse Baryogenesis,

    P. Asadi, D. Cyncynates, and S. Gori, “Axiverse Baryogenesis,”arXiv:2511.15794 [hep-ph]. 4

  33. [41]

    Hierarchies without symmetries from extra dimensions,

    N. Arkani-Hamed and M. Schmaltz, “Hierarchies without symmetries from extra dimensions,”Phys. Rev. D61(2000) 033005,arXiv:hep-ph/9903417. 4

  34. [42]

    Fermion masses, mixings and proton decay in a Randall-Sundrum model,

    S. J. Huber and Q. Shafi, “Fermion masses, mixings and proton decay in a Randall-Sundrum model,”Phys. Lett. B498(2001) 256–262, arXiv:hep-ph/0010195. 4

  35. [43]

    A Model of Lepton Masses from a Warped Extra Dimension,

    C. Csaki, C. Delaunay, C. Grojean, and Y. Grossman, “A Model of Lepton Masses from a Warped Extra Dimension,”JHEP10(2008) 055,arXiv:0806.0356 [hep-ph]. 4

  36. [44]

    Implications of a Light Higgs in Composite Models,

    M. Redi and A. Tesi, “Implications of a Light Higgs in Composite Models,”JHEP10 (2012) 166,arXiv:1205.0232 [hep-ph]. 4

  37. [45]

    Violation of CP Invariance, C asymmetry, and baryon asymmetry of the universe,

    A. D. Sakharov, “Violation of CP Invariance, C asymmetry, and baryon asymmetry of the universe,”Pisma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz.5(1967) 32–35. 5

  38. [46]

    Confined hidden vector dark matter,

    T. Hambye and M. H. G. Tytgat, “Confined hidden vector dark matter,”Phys. Lett. B683(2010) 39–41,arXiv:0907.1007 [hep-ph]. 7

  39. [47]

    Accidental Composite Dark Matter,

    O. Antipin, M. Redi, A. Strumia, and E. Vigiani, “Accidental Composite Dark Matter,”JHEP07(2015) 039,arXiv:1503.08749 [hep-ph]. 7, 11, 16, 22, 24, 33, 45

  40. [48]

    Thermal history of composite dark matter,

    N. A. Dondi, F. Sannino, and J. Smirnov, “Thermal history of composite dark matter,”Phys. Rev. D101(2020) no. 10, 103010,arXiv:1905.08810 [hep-ph]. 7, 31

  41. [49]

    Surveying the theory space of pion dark matter,

    A. Alfano, N. Evans, S. Kulkarni, and W. Porod, “Surveying the theory space of pion dark matter,”arXiv:2509.04892 [hep-ph]. 7

  42. [50]

    Echoes of a hidden valley at hadron colliders,

    M. J. Strassler and K. M. Zurek, “Echoes of a hidden valley at hadron colliders,” Phys. Lett. B651(2007) 374–379,arXiv:hep-ph/0604261. 7, 32

  43. [51]

    Light Asymmetric Dark Matter on the Lattice: SU(2) Technicolor with Two Fundamental Flavors,

    R. Lewis, C. Pica, and F. Sannino, “Light Asymmetric Dark Matter on the Lattice: SU(2) Technicolor with Two Fundamental Flavors,”Phys. Rev. D85(2012) 014504, arXiv:1109.3513 [hep-ph]. 9, 43 52

  44. [52]

    The LargeNlimit of superconformal field theories and supergravity,

    J. M. Maldacena, “The LargeNlimit of superconformal field theories and supergravity,”Adv. Theor. Math. Phys.2(1998) 231–252,arXiv:hep-th/9711200. 9

  45. [53]

    Anti de Sitter space and holography,

    E. Witten, “Anti de Sitter space and holography,”Adv. Theor. Math. Phys.2(1998) 253–291,arXiv:hep-th/9802150. 9

  46. [54]

    Holography and phenomenology,

    N. Arkani-Hamed, M. Porrati, and L. Randall, “Holography and phenomenology,” JHEP08(2001) 017,arXiv:hep-th/0012148. 9

  47. [55]

    Warped unification, proton stability and dark matter,

    K. Agashe and G. Servant, “Warped unification, proton stability and dark matter,” Phys. Rev. Lett.93(2004) 231805,arXiv:hep-ph/0403143. 9

  48. [56]

    Electroweak symmetry breaking and cold dark matter from strongly interacting hidden sector,

    T. Hur, D.-W. Jung, P. Ko, and J. Y. Lee, “Electroweak symmetry breaking and cold dark matter from strongly interacting hidden sector,”Phys. Lett. B696(2011) 262–265,arXiv:0709.1218 [hep-ph]. 9, 10

  49. [57]

    Dynamical generation of the weak and Dark Matter scale,

    T. Hambye and A. Strumia, “Dynamical generation of the weak and Dark Matter scale,”Phys. Rev. D88(2013) 055022,arXiv:1306.2329 [hep-ph]. 9

  50. [58]

    Phenomenology of Induced Electroweak Symmetry Breaking,

    S. Chang, J. Galloway, M. Luty, E. Salvioni, and Y. Tsai, “Phenomenology of Induced Electroweak Symmetry Breaking,”JHEP03(2015) 017,arXiv:1411.6023 [hep-ph]. 9

  51. [59]

    Quirky Composite Dark Matter,

    G. D. Kribs, T. S. Roy, J. Terning, and K. M. Zurek, “Quirky Composite Dark Matter,”Phys. Rev. D81(2010) 095001,arXiv:0909.2034 [hep-ph]. 9, 16, 23, 31, 39, 41

  52. [60]

    Weakly Interacting Stable Pions,

    Y. Bai and R. J. Hill, “Weakly Interacting Stable Pions,”Phys. Rev. D82(2010) 111701,arXiv:1005.0008 [hep-ph]. 9, 10 [61]Lattice Strong Dynamics (LSD)Collaboration, T. Appelquistet al., “Lattice Calculation of Composite Dark Matter Form Factors,”Phys. Rev. D88(2013) no. 1, 014...

  53. [61]

    Dynamical generation of the weak and Dark Matter scales from strong interactions,

    O. Antipin, M. Redi, and A. Strumia, “Dynamical generation of the weak and Dark Matter scales from strong interactions,”JHEP01(2015) 157,arXiv:1410.1817 [hep-ph]. 9, 11, 14, 45

  54. [62]

    Detecting Stealth Dark Matter Directly through Electromagnetic Polarizability,

    T. Appelquistet al., “Detecting Stealth Dark Matter Directly through Electromagnetic Polarizability,”Phys. Rev. Lett.115(2015) no. 17, 171803, arXiv:1503.04205 [hep-ph]. 9, 22, 43

  55. [63]

    Stealth Dark Matter: Dark scalar baryons through the Higgs portal,

    T. Appelquistet al., “Stealth Dark Matter: Dark scalar baryons through the Higgs portal,”Phys. Rev. D92(2015) no. 7, 075030,arXiv:1503.04203 [hep-ph]. 9, 14, 23, 33, 42

  56. [64]

    A scenario of heavy but visible baryonic dark matter,

    R. Huo, S. Matsumoto, Y.-L. Sming Tsai, and T. T. Yanagida, “A scenario of heavy but visible baryonic dark matter,”JHEP09(2016) 162,arXiv:1506.06929 [hep-ph]. 9, 10 53

  57. [65]

    Dark Matter as a weakly coupled Dark Baryon,

    A. Mitridate, M. Redi, J. Smirnov, and A. Strumia, “Dark Matter as a weakly coupled Dark Baryon,”JHEP10(2017) 210,arXiv:1707.05380 [hep-ph]. 9, 10, 11, 14, 23, 24, 30, 42, 45

  58. [66]

    Composite Dark Matter from Strongly-Interacting Chiral Dynamics,

    R. Contino, A. Podo, and F. Revello, “Composite Dark Matter from Strongly-Interacting Chiral Dynamics,”JHEP02(2021) 091,arXiv:2008.10607 [hep-ph]. 9, 10

  59. [67]

    Hyperstealth dark matter and long-lived particles,

    G. T. Fleming, G. D. Kribs, E. T. Neil, D. Schaich, and P. M. Vranas, “Hyperstealth dark matter and long-lived particles,”Phys. Rev. D112(2025) no. 7, 075004, arXiv:2412.14540 [hep-ph]. 9, 14, 24, 45

  60. [68]

    Composite Dark Matter and a horizontal symmetry,

    A. Carvunis, D. Guadagnoli, M. Reboud, and P. Stangl, “Composite Dark Matter and a horizontal symmetry,”JHEP02(2021) 056,arXiv:2007.11931 [hep-ph]. 9

  61. [69]

    Gauged Flavour for Asymmetric Dark Matter,

    M. Blennow, E. Fernandez-Martinez, D. Garcia-Garcia, and J. M. Lizana, “Gauged Flavour for Asymmetric Dark Matter,”arXiv:2605.20336 [hep-ph]. 9, 32

  62. [70]

    Challenges for models with composite states,

    J. M. Cline, W. Huang, and G. D. Moore, “Challenges for models with composite states,”Phys. Rev. D94(2016) no. 5, 055029,arXiv:1607.07865 [hep-ph]. 9

  63. [71]

    Colored Dark Matter,

    V. De Luca, A. Mitridate, M. Redi, J. Smirnov, and A. Strumia, “Colored Dark Matter,”Phys. Rev. D97(2018) no. 11, 115024,arXiv:1801.01135 [hep-ph]. 9, 25, 30

  64. [72]

    Baryons, multihadron systems, and composite dark matter in nonrelativistic QCD,

    B. Assi and M. L. Wagman, “Baryons, multihadron systems, and composite dark matter in nonrelativistic QCD,”Phys. Rev. D108(2023) no. 9, 096004, arXiv:2305.01685 [hep-ph]. 10, 42

  65. [73]

    TeV symmetry and the little hierarchy problem,

    H.-C. Cheng and I. Low, “TeV symmetry and the little hierarchy problem,”JHEP 09(2003) 051,arXiv:hep-ph/0308199. 10

  66. [74]

    KK Parity in Warped Extra Dimension,

    K. Agashe, A. Falkowski, I. Low, and G. Servant, “KK Parity in Warped Extra Dimension,”JHEP04(2008) 027,arXiv:0712.2455 [hep-ph]. 10

  67. [75]

    Probing Dark Forces and Light Hidden Sectors at Low-Energy e+e- Colliders,

    R. Essig, P. Schuster, and N. Toro, “Probing Dark Forces and Light Hidden Sectors at Low-Energy e+e- Colliders,”Phys. Rev. D80(2009) 015003,arXiv:0903.3941 [hep-ph]. 10

  68. [76]

    Pionic Dark Matter,

    S. Bhattacharya, B. Meli´ c, and J. Wudka, “Pionic Dark Matter,”JHEP02(2014) 115,arXiv:1307.2647 [hep-ph]. 10

  69. [77]

    Composite strongly interacting dark matter,

    J. M. Cline, Z. Liu, G. D. Moore, and W. Xue, “Composite strongly interacting dark matter,”Phys. Rev. D90(2014) no. 1, 015023,arXiv:1312.3325 [hep-ph]. 10, 32

  70. [78]

    Model for Thermal Relic Dark Matter of Strongly Interacting Massive Particles,

    Y. Hochberg, E. Kuflik, H. Murayama, T. Volansky, and J. G. Wacker, “Model for Thermal Relic Dark Matter of Strongly Interacting Massive Particles,”Phys. Rev. Lett.115(2015) no. 2, 021301,arXiv:1411.3727 [hep-ph]. 10, 14

  71. [79]

    Light Chiral Dark Sector,

    K. Harigaya and Y. Nomura, “Light Chiral Dark Sector,”Phys. Rev. D94(2016) no. 3, 035013,arXiv:1603.03430 [hep-ph]. 10

  72. [80]

    Impeded Dark Matter,

    J. Kopp, J. Liu, T. R. Slatyer, X.-P. Wang, and W. Xue, “Impeded Dark Matter,” JHEP12(2016) 033,arXiv:1609.02147 [hep-ph]. 10 54

  73. [81]

    Dark Sectors at the Fermilab SeaQuest Experiment,

    A. Berlin, S. Gori, P. Schuster, and N. Toro, “Dark Sectors at the Fermilab SeaQuest Experiment,”Phys. Rev. D98(2018) no. 3, 035011,arXiv:1804.00661 [hep-ph]. 10

  74. [82]

    Dark matter in Hidden Valley models with stable and unstable light dark mesons,

    H. Beauchesne, E. Bertuzzo, and G. Grilli Di Cortona, “Dark matter in Hidden Valley models with stable and unstable light dark mesons,”JHEP04(2019) 118, arXiv:1809.10152 [hep-ph]. 10, 11

  75. [83]

    Strongly interacting dark sectors in the early Universe and at the LHC through a simplified portal,

    E. Bernreuther, F. Kahlhoefer, M. Kr¨ amer, and P. Tunney, “Strongly interacting dark sectors in the early Universe and at the LHC through a simplified portal,” JHEP01(2020) 162,arXiv:1907.04346 [hep-ph]. 10, 35

  76. [84]

    Dark showers from sneaky dark matter,

    A. Carmona, F. Elahi, C. Scherb, and P. Schwaller, “Dark showers from sneaky dark matter,”JHEP06(2025) 198,arXiv:2411.15073 [hep-ph]. 10, 25, 30, 36

  77. [85]

    Dark Matter on a Slide,

    H.-C. Cheng, X.-H. Jiang, L. Li, and E. Salvioni, “Dark Matter on a Slide,” arXiv:2604.06315 [hep-ph]. 10

  78. [86]

    Scale invariant extension of the standard model with strongly interacting hidden sector,

    T. Hur and P. Ko, “Scale invariant extension of the standard model with strongly interacting hidden sector,”Phys. Rev. Lett.106(2011) 141802,arXiv:1103.2571 [hep-ph]. 10

  79. [87]

    Composite Dark Sectors,

    A. Carmona and M. Chala, “Composite Dark Sectors,”JHEP06(2015) 105, arXiv:1504.00332 [hep-ph]. 10, 32, 33

  80. [88]

    Emerging Jets,

    P. Schwaller, D. Stolarski, and A. Weiler, “Emerging Jets,”JHEP05(2015) 059, arXiv:1502.05409 [hep-ph]. 11, 35, 36, 37

  81. [89]

    Stopping dark mesons in their tracks with long-lived particle and resonant signatures,

    P. Asadi, A. Batz, E. Bernreuther, M. Costa, S. Homiller, and G. D. Kribs, “Stopping dark mesons in their tracks with long-lived particle and resonant signatures,”JHEP03(2026) 234,arXiv:2507.13430 [hep-ph]. 11, 33, 34

  82. [90]

    Classification of dark pion multiplets as dark matter candidates and collider phenomenology,

    H. Beauchesne and G. Grilli di Cortona, “Classification of dark pion multiplets as dark matter candidates and collider phenomenology,”JHEP02(2020) 196, arXiv:1910.10724 [hep-ph]. 11

  83. [91]

    Gluequark Dark Matter,

    R. Contino, A. Mitridate, A. Podo, and M. Redi, “Gluequark Dark Matter,”JHEP 02(2019) 187,arXiv:1811.06975 [hep-ph]. 11, 14, 30

  84. [92]

    Scalar gauge dynamics and Dark Matter,

    D. Buttazzo, L. Di Luzio, P. Ghorbani, C. Gross, G. Landini, A. Strumia, D. Teresi, and J.-W. Wang, “Scalar gauge dynamics and Dark Matter,”JHEP01(2020) 130, arXiv:1911.04502 [hep-ph]. 11

  85. [93]

    Dark Matter and Neutrino Mass from the Smallest Non-Abelian Chiral Dark Sector,

    J. M. Berryman, A. de Gouvˆ ea, K. J. Kelly, and Y. Zhang, “Dark Matter and Neutrino Mass from the Smallest Non-Abelian Chiral Dark Sector,”Phys. Rev. D96 (2017) no. 7, 075010,arXiv:1706.02722 [hep-ph]. 11

  86. [94]

    Selfinteracting dark matter from the hidden heterotic string sector,

    A. E. Faraggi and M. Pospelov, “Selfinteracting dark matter from the hidden heterotic string sector,”Astropart. Phys.16(2002) 451–461, arXiv:hep-ph/0008223. 11

  87. [95]

    String Theory and the Dark Glueball Problem,

    J. Halverson, B. D. Nelson, and F. Ruehle, “String Theory and the Dark Glueball Problem,”Phys. Rev. D95(2017) no. 4, 043527,arXiv:1609.02151 [hep-ph]. 11 55

  88. [96]

    Dark Glueballs and their Ultralight Axions,

    J. Halverson, B. D. Nelson, F. Ruehle, and G. Salinas, “Dark Glueballs and their Ultralight Axions,”Phys. Rev. D98(2018) no. 4, 043502,arXiv:1805.06011 [hep-ph]. 11

  89. [97]

    Self-Interacting Dark Matter from a Non-Abelian Hidden Sector,

    K. K. Boddy, J. L. Feng, M. Kaplinghat, and T. M. P. Tait, “Self-Interacting Dark Matter from a Non-Abelian Hidden Sector,”Phys. Rev. D89(2014) no. 11, 115017, arXiv:1402.3629 [hep-ph]. 11

  90. [98]

    Hidden SU(N) Glueball Dark Matter,

    A. Soni and Y. Zhang, “Hidden SU(N) Glueball Dark Matter,”Phys. Rev. D93 (2016) no. 11, 115025,arXiv:1602.00714 [hep-ph]. 11, 25, 45

  91. [99]

    Glueball dark matter in non-standard cosmologies,

    B. S. Acharya, M. Fairbairn, and E. Hardy, “Glueball dark matter in non-standard cosmologies,”JHEP07(2017) 100,arXiv:1704.01804 [hep-ph]. 11, 15, 19

  92. [100]

    The Glueball spectrum from an anisotropic lattice study,

    C. J. Morningstar and M. J. Peardon, “The Glueball spectrum from an anisotropic lattice study,”Phys. Rev. D60(1999) 034509,arXiv:hep-lat/9901004. 12, 42

  93. [101]

    A Pure-Glue Hidden Valley I. States and Decays,

    J. E. Juknevich, D. Melnikov, and M. J. Strassler, “A Pure-Glue Hidden Valley I. States and Decays,”JHEP07(2009) 055,arXiv:0903.0883 [hep-ph]. 12

  94. [102]

    Pfaffian particles and strings in SO(2N) gauge theories,

    M. Teper, “Pfaffian particles and strings in SO(2N) gauge theories,”JHEP01(2019) 136,arXiv:1810.04546 [hep-lat]. 12

  95. [103]

    A Basic Guide for the Glueball Spotter,

    D. Robson, “A Basic Guide for the Glueball Spotter,”Nucl. Phys. B130(1977) 328–348. 12

  96. [104]

    Low Mass Glueballs in the Meson Spectrum,

    J. F. Donoghue, K. Johnson, and B. A. Li, “Low Mass Glueballs in the Meson Spectrum,”Phys. Lett. B99(1981) 416–420. 12

  97. [105]

    Glueballs as Bound States of Massive Gluons,

    J. M. Cornwall and A. Soni, “Glueballs as Bound States of Massive Gluons,”Phys. Lett. B120(1983) 431. 12

  98. [106]

    Qualitative Features of the Glueball Spectrum,

    R. L. Jaffe, K. Johnson, and Z. Ryzak, “Qualitative Features of the Glueball Spectrum,”Annals Phys.168(1986) 344. 12

  99. [107]

    The Physics of Glueballs,

    V. Mathieu, N. Kochelev, and V. Vento, “The Physics of Glueballs,”Int. J. Mod. Phys. E18(2009) 1–49,arXiv:0810.4453 [hep-ph]. 12

  100. [108]

    Pure-glue hidden valleys through the Higgs portal,

    J. E. Juknevich, “Pure-glue hidden valleys through the Higgs portal,”JHEP08 (2010) 121,arXiv:0911.5616 [hep-ph]. 12, 33

  101. [109]

    The Status of Glueballs,

    W. Ochs, “The Status of Glueballs,”J. Phys. G40(2013) 043001,arXiv:1301.5183 [hep-ph]. 12

  102. [110]

    Glueball Spectroscopy in Four-Dimensional SU(3) Lattice Gauge Theory. 1.,

    B. Berg and A. Billoire, “Glueball Spectroscopy in Four-Dimensional SU(3) Lattice Gauge Theory. 1.,”Nucl. Phys. B221(1983) 109–140. 12

  103. [111]

    Glueball Spectroscopy in Four-dimensional SU(3) Lattice Gauge Theory. 2.,

    B. Berg and A. Billoire, “Glueball Spectroscopy in Four-dimensional SU(3) Lattice Gauge Theory. 2.,”Nucl. Phys. B226(1983) 405–416. 12

  104. [112]

    The Glueball Spectrum in SU(3),

    C. Michael and M. Teper, “The Glueball Spectrum in SU(3),”Nucl. Phys. B314 (1989) 347–362. 12 [115]UKQCDCollaboration, G. S. Bali, K. Schilling, A. Hulsebos, A. C. Irving, C. Michael, and P. W. Stephenson, “A Comprehensive lattice study of SU(3) glueballs,”Phys. Lett. B309(199...

  105. [113]

    Efficient glueball simulations on anisotropic lattices,

    C. J. Morningstar and M. J. Peardon, “Efficient glueball simulations on anisotropic lattices,”Phys. Rev. D56(1997) 4043–4061,arXiv:hep-lat/9704011. 12, 42

  106. [114]

    Towards the glueball spectrum from unquenched lattice QCD,

    E. Gregory, A. Irving, B. Lucini, C. McNeile, A. Rago, C. Richards, and E. Rinaldi, “Towards the glueball spectrum from unquenched lattice QCD,”JHEP10(2012) 170,arXiv:1208.1858 [hep-lat]. 12, 42

  107. [115]

    Cosmological Bounds on Non-Abelian Dark Forces,

    L. Forestell, D. E. Morrissey, and K. Sigurdson, “Cosmological Bounds on Non-Abelian Dark Forces,”Phys. Rev. D97(2018) no. 7, 075029, arXiv:1710.06447 [hep-ph]. 12

  108. [116]

    Dark matter from dark glueball dominance,

    D. McKeen, R. Mizuta, D. E. Morrissey, and M. Shamma, “Dark matter from dark glueball dominance,”Phys. Rev. D111(2025) no. 1, 015044,arXiv:2406.18635 [hep-ph]. 12, 15, 25, 45

  109. [117]

    Non-Abelian Dark Forces and the Relic Densities of Dark Glueballs,

    L. Forestell, D. E. Morrissey, and K. Sigurdson, “Non-Abelian Dark Forces and the Relic Densities of Dark Glueballs,”Phys. Rev. D95(2017) no. 1, 015032, arXiv:1605.08048 [hep-ph]. 12

  110. [118]

    Glueball Dark Matter Revisited,

    P. Carenza, R. Pasechnik, G. Salinas, and Z.-W. Wang, “Glueball Dark Matter Revisited,”Phys. Rev. Lett.129(2022) no. 26, 261302,arXiv:2207.13716 [hep-ph]. 12

  111. [119]

    Glueball dark matter, precisely,

    P. Carenza, T. Ferreira, R. Pasechnik, and Z.-W. Wang, “Glueball dark matter, precisely,”Phys. Rev. D108(2023) no. 12, 123027,arXiv:2306.09510 [hep-ph]. 12

  112. [120]

    Quirks Live in Cool Universes,

    P. Asadi, G. D. Kribs, and M. A. Luty, “Quirks Live in Cool Universes,” arXiv:2512.20696 [hep-ph]. 12, 39

  113. [121]

    Phases of Cannibal Dark Matter,

    M. Farina, D. Pappadopulo, J. T. Ruderman, and G. Trevisan, “Phases of Cannibal Dark Matter,”JHEP12(2016) 039,arXiv:1607.03108 [hep-ph]. 12, 15

  114. [122]

    New Old Mechanism of Dark Matter Burning,

    A. D. Dolgov, “New Old Mechanism of Dark Matter Burning,”arXiv:1705.03689 [hep-ph]. 12

  115. [123]

    Precision SU(3) lattice thermodynamics for a large temperature range,

    S. Borsanyi, G. Endrodi, Z. Fodor, S. D. Katz, and K. K. Szabo, “Precision SU(3) lattice thermodynamics for a large temperature range,”JHEP07(2012) 056, arXiv:1204.6184 [hep-lat]. 12

  116. [124]

    QCD thermodynamics from lattice calculations with nonequilibrium methods: The SU(3) equation of state,

    M. Caselle, A. Nada, and M. Panero, “QCD thermodynamics from lattice calculations with nonequilibrium methods: The SU(3) equation of state,”Phys. Rev. D98(2018) no. 5, 054513,arXiv:1801.03110 [hep-lat]. 12

  117. [125]

    Nature of the Deconfining Phase Transition in SU(3) Lattice Gauge Theory,

    F. R. Brown, N. H. Christ, Y. F. Deng, M. S. Gao, and T. J. Woch, “Nature of the Deconfining Phase Transition in SU(3) Lattice Gauge Theory,”Phys. Rev. Lett.61 (1988) 2058. 12

  118. [126]

    Big Bang Darkleosynthesis,

    G. Krnjaic and K. Sigurdson, “Big Bang Darkleosynthesis,”Phys. Lett. B751(2015) 464–468,arXiv:1406.1171 [hep-ph]. 13

  119. [127]

    Big Bang Synthesis of Nuclear Dark Matter,

    E. Hardy, R. Lasenby, J. March-Russell, and S. M. West, “Big Bang Synthesis of Nuclear Dark Matter,”JHEP06(2015) 011,arXiv:1411.3739 [hep-ph]. 13, 26 57

  120. [128]

    Signatures of Large Composite Dark Matter States,

    E. Hardy, R. Lasenby, J. March-Russell, and S. M. West, “Signatures of Large Composite Dark Matter States,”JHEP07(2015) 133,arXiv:1504.05419 [hep-ph]. 13, 26, 29

  121. [129]

    Cosmic Separation of Phases,

    E. Witten, “Cosmic Separation of Phases,”Phys. Rev. D30(1984) 272–285. 13, 17, 19, 26

  122. [130]

    Nuclear Structure of Bound States of Asymmetric Dark Matter,

    M. I. Gresham, H. K. Lou, and K. M. Zurek, “Nuclear Structure of Bound States of Asymmetric Dark Matter,”Phys. Rev. D96(2017) no. 9, 096012, arXiv:1707.02313 [hep-ph]. 13, 26

  123. [131]

    Early Universe synthesis of asymmetric dark matter nuggets,

    M. I. Gresham, H. K. Lou, and K. M. Zurek, “Early Universe synthesis of asymmetric dark matter nuggets,”Phys. Rev. D97(2018) no. 3, 036003, arXiv:1707.02316 [hep-ph]. 13, 26

  124. [132]

    Astrophysical Signatures of Asymmetric Dark Matter Bound States,

    M. I. Gresham, H. K. Lou, and K. M. Zurek, “Astrophysical Signatures of Asymmetric Dark Matter Bound States,”Phys. Rev. D98(2018) no. 9, 096001, arXiv:1805.04512 [hep-ph]. 13, 26

  125. [133]

    Dark Quark Nuggets,

    Y. Bai, A. J. Long, and S. Lu, “Dark Quark Nuggets,”Phys. Rev. D99(2019) no. 5, 055047,arXiv:1810.04360 [hep-ph]. 13, 19, 26, 31

  126. [134]

    Fireball antinucleosynthesis,

    M. A. Fedderke, D. E. Kaplan, A. Mathur, S. Rajendran, and E. H. Tanin, “Fireball antinucleosynthesis,”Phys. Rev. D109(2024) no. 12, 123028,arXiv:2402.15581 [hep-ph]. 13, 26, 31

  127. [135]

    Indirect searches for ultraheavy dark matter in the time domain,

    D. E. Kaplan, X. Luo, N. H. Nguyen, S. Rajendran, and E. H. Tanin, “Indirect searches for ultraheavy dark matter in the time domain,”Phys. Rev. D111(2025) no. 2, 023041,arXiv:2407.06262 [hep-ph]. 13, 26, 31

  128. [136]

    Radioactivity of quark nuggets,

    Y. Bai and M. Korwar, “Radioactivity of quark nuggets,”JHEP06(2025) 059, arXiv:2409.16487 [hep-ph]. 13, 19, 26, 31

  129. [137]

    Approaching stable quark matter,

    Y. Bai and T.-K. Chen, “Approaching stable quark matter,”Eur. Phys. J. C86 (2026) no. 2, 147,arXiv:2410.19678 [hep-ph]. 13, 26

  130. [138]

    Excluding Stable Quark Matter: Insights from the QCD Vacuum Energy,

    Y. Bai and T.-K. Chen, “Excluding Stable Quark Matter: Insights from the QCD Vacuum Energy,”arXiv:2502.20241 [hep-ph]. 13, 26

  131. [139]

    Unitarity Limits on the Mass and Radius of Dark Matter Particles,

    K. Griest and M. Kamionkowski, “Unitarity Limits on the Mass and Radius of Dark Matter Particles,”Phys. Rev. Lett.64(1990) 615. 14

  132. [140]

    TeV-Scale Thermal WIMPs: Unitarity and its Consequences,

    J. Smirnov and J. F. Beacom, “TeV-Scale Thermal WIMPs: Unitarity and its Consequences,”Phys. Rev. D100(2019) no. 4, 043029,arXiv:1904.11503 [hep-ph]. 14

  133. [141]

    Cosmological Abundance of Colored Relics,

    C. Gross, A. Mitridate, M. Redi, J. Smirnov, and A. Strumia, “Cosmological Abundance of Colored Relics,”Phys. Rev. D99(2019) no. 1, 016024, arXiv:1811.08418 [hep-ph]. 14

  134. [142]

    Dark quarkonium formation in the early universe,

    M. Geller, S. Iwamoto, G. Lee, Y. Shadmi, and O. Telem, “Dark quarkonium formation in the early universe,”JHEP06(2018) 135,arXiv:1802.07720 [hep-ph]. 14, 30, 41 58

  135. [143]

    Thermal dark matter from a confining sector,

    M. R. Buckley and E. T. Neil, “Thermal dark matter from a confining sector,”Phys. Rev. D87(2013) no. 4, 043510,arXiv:1209.6054 [hep-ph]. 14

  136. [144]

    Baryons in the 1/n Expansion,

    E. Witten, “Baryons in the 1/n Expansion,”Nucl. Phys. B160(1979) 57–115. 14, 45

  137. [145]

    Mechanism for Thermal Relic Dark Matter of Strongly Interacting Massive Particles,

    Y. Hochberg, E. Kuflik, T. Volansky, and J. G. Wacker, “Mechanism for Thermal Relic Dark Matter of Strongly Interacting Massive Particles,”Phys. Rev. Lett.113 (2014) 171301,arXiv:1402.5143 [hep-ph]. 14

  138. [146]

    Resonant Self-Interacting Dark Matter from Dark QCD,

    Y.-D. Tsai, R. McGehee, and H. Murayama, “Resonant Self-Interacting Dark Matter from Dark QCD,”Phys. Rev. Lett.128(2022) no. 17, 172001,arXiv:2008.08608 [hep-ph]. 14

  139. [147]

    Dark matter relic density in strongly interacting dark sectors with light vector mesons,

    E. Bernreuther, N. Hemme, F. Kahlhoefer, and S. Kulkarni, “Dark matter relic density in strongly interacting dark sectors with light vector mesons,”Phys. Rev. D 110(2024) no. 3, 035009,arXiv:2311.17157 [hep-ph]. 14

  140. [148]

    Dark matter freeze-out in a nonrelativistic sector,

    D. Pappadopulo, J. T. Ruderman, and G. Trevisan, “Dark matter freeze-out in a nonrelativistic sector,”Phys. Rev. D94(2016) no. 3, 035005,arXiv:1602.04219 [hep-ph]. 15

  141. [149]

    Cannibal Dark Matter and Large Scale Structure,

    M. A. Buen-Abad, R. Emami, and M. Schmaltz, “Cannibal Dark Matter and Large Scale Structure,”Phys. Rev. D98(2018) no. 8, 083517,arXiv:1803.08062 [hep-ph]. 15

  142. [150]

    Light Dark Matter from Forbidden Channels,

    R. T. D’Agnolo and J. T. Ruderman, “Light Dark Matter from Forbidden Channels,” Phys. Rev. Lett.115(2015) no. 6, 061301,arXiv:1505.07107 [hep-ph]. 15

  143. [151]

    Composite Dark Matter with Forbidden Annihilation,

    T. Abe, R. Sato, and T. Yamanaka, “Composite Dark Matter with Forbidden Annihilation,”arXiv:2404.03963 [hep-ph]. 15, 33

  144. [152]

    The Warped Dark Sector,

    P. Brax, S. Fichet, and P. Tanedo, “The Warped Dark Sector,”Phys. Lett. B798 (2019) 135012,arXiv:1906.02199 [hep-ph]. 15, 39, 44

  145. [153]

    Continuum-Mediated Self-Interacting Dark Matter,

    I. Chaffey, S. Fichet, and P. Tanedo, “Continuum-Mediated Self-Interacting Dark Matter,”JHEP06(2021) 008,arXiv:2102.05674 [hep-ph]. 15

  146. [154]

    Continuum dark matter,

    C. Cs´ aki, S. Hong, G. Kurup, S. J. Lee, M. Perelstein, and W. Xue, “Continuum dark matter,”Phys. Rev. D105(2022) no. 3, 035025,arXiv:2105.07035 [hep-ph]. 15, 34

  147. [155]

    Z-Portal Continuum Dark Matter,

    C. Cs´ aki, S. Hong, G. Kurup, S. J. Lee, M. Perelstein, and W. Xue, “Z-Portal Continuum Dark Matter,”Phys. Rev. Lett.128(2022) no. 8, 081807, arXiv:2105.14023 [hep-ph]. 15

  148. [156]

    Dark matter from a conformal Dark Sector,

    S. Hong, G. Kurup, and M. Perelstein, “Dark matter from a conformal Dark Sector,” JHEP02(2023) 221,arXiv:2207.10093 [hep-ph]. 15

  149. [157]

    Conformal freeze-in from neutrino portal,

    S. Hong, M. Perelstein, and T. Youn, “Conformal freeze-in from neutrino portal,” JHEP04(2025) 089,arXiv:2412.00181 [hep-ph]. 15

  150. [158]

    Forbidden conformal dark matter at a GeV,

    S. Ferrante, A. Ismail, S. J. Lee, and Y. Lee, “Forbidden conformal dark matter at a GeV,”JHEP11(2023) 186,arXiv:2308.16219 [hep-ph]. 15 59

  151. [159]

    Collider signatures of near-continuum dark matter,

    S. Ferrante, S. J. Lee, and M. Perelstein, “Collider signatures of near-continuum dark matter,”JHEP05(2024) 215,arXiv:2306.13009 [hep-ph]. 15

  152. [160]

    Collider Searches for Near-Continuum Dark Matter,

    S. Ferrante, L. Luo, M. Perelstein, and T. Youn, “Collider Searches for Near-Continuum Dark Matter,”arXiv:2510.17989 [hep-ph]. 15

  153. [161]

    Dark QCD matters,

    R. Garani, M. Redi, and A. Tesi, “Dark QCD matters,”JHEP12(2021) 139, arXiv:2105.03429 [hep-ph]. 15

  154. [162]

    Asymmetric Dark Matter,

    D. E. Kaplan, M. A. Luty, and K. M. Zurek, “Asymmetric Dark Matter,”Phys. Rev. D79(2009) 115016,arXiv:0901.4117 [hep-ph]. 16

  155. [163]

    Scale of dark QCD,

    Y. Bai and P. Schwaller, “Scale of dark QCD,”Phys. Rev. D89(2014) no. 6, 063522, arXiv:1306.4676 [hep-ph]. 16

  156. [164]

    Twin Higgs Asymmetric Dark Matter,

    I. Garcia Garcia, R. Lasenby, and J. March-Russell, “Twin Higgs Asymmetric Dark Matter,”Phys. Rev. Lett.115(2015) no. 12, 121801,arXiv:1505.07410 [hep-ph]. 16, 17

  157. [165]

    Asymmetric Twin Dark Matter,

    M. Farina, “Asymmetric Twin Dark Matter,”JCAP11(2015) 017, arXiv:1506.03520 [hep-ph]. 16, 17

  158. [166]

    Twin mechanism for baryon and dark matter asymmetries,

    M. Farina, A. Monteux, and C. S. Shin, “Twin mechanism for baryon and dark matter asymmetries,”Phys. Rev. D94(2016) no. 3, 035017,arXiv:1604.08211 [hep-ph]. 16, 17

  159. [167]

    Asymmetric Dark Matter and the hadronic spectra of hidden QCD,

    S. J. Lonsdale, M. Schroor, and R. R. Volkas, “Asymmetric Dark Matter and the hadronic spectra of hidden QCD,”Phys. Rev. D96(2017) no. 5, 055027, arXiv:1704.05213 [hep-ph]. 16

  160. [168]

    Comprehensive asymmetric dark matter model,

    S. J. Lonsdale and R. R. Volkas, “Comprehensive asymmetric dark matter model,” Phys. Rev. D97(2018) no. 10, 103510,arXiv:1801.05561 [hep-ph]. 16

  161. [169]

    Composite Asymmetric Dark Matter with a Dark Photon Portal,

    M. Ibe, A. Kamada, S. Kobayashi, and W. Nakano, “Composite Asymmetric Dark Matter with a Dark Photon Portal,”JHEP11(2018) 203,arXiv:1805.06876 [hep-ph]. 16, 24

  162. [170]

    Oscillating Composite Asymmetric Dark Matter,

    M. Ibe, S. Kobayashi, R. Nagai, and W. Nakano, “Oscillating Composite Asymmetric Dark Matter,”JHEP01(2020) 027,arXiv:1907.11464 [hep-ph]. 16, 30

  163. [171]

    Dark unification: A UV-complete theory of asymmetric dark matter,

    C. Murgui and K. M. Zurek, “Dark unification: A UV-complete theory of asymmetric dark matter,”Phys. Rev. D105(2022) no. 9, 095002, arXiv:2112.08374 [hep-ph]. 16

  164. [172]

    Exploring the cosmological dark matter coincidence using infrared fixed points,

    A. C. Ritter and R. R. Volkas, “Exploring the cosmological dark matter coincidence using infrared fixed points,”Phys. Rev. D107(2023) no. 1, 015029, arXiv:2210.11011 [hep-ph]. 16

  165. [173]

    Baryogenesis through asymmetric reheating in the mirror twin Higgs,

    G. Alonso- ´Alvarez, D. Curtin, A. Rasovic, and Z. Yuan, “Baryogenesis through asymmetric reheating in the mirror twin Higgs,”JHEP05(2024) 069, arXiv:2311.06341 [hep-ph]. 16, 17 60

  166. [174]

    Explaining the cosmological dark matter coincidence in asymmetric dark QCD,

    A. C. Ritter and R. R. Volkas, “Explaining the cosmological dark matter coincidence in asymmetric dark QCD,”Phys. Rev. D110(2024) no. 1, 015032, arXiv:2404.05999 [hep-ph]. 16

  167. [175]

    A new idea for relating the asymmetric dark matter mass scale to the proton mass,

    P. Cox, R. E. P´ erez, and R. R. Volkas, “A new idea for relating the asymmetric dark matter mass scale to the proton mass,”arXiv:2512.14119 [hep-ph]. 16

  168. [176]

    Asymmetric accidental composite dark matter,

    S. Bottaro, M. Costa, and O. Popov, “Asymmetric accidental composite dark matter,”JHEP11(2021) 055,arXiv:2104.14244 [hep-ph]. 16

  169. [177]

    Composite Asymmetric Dark Matter from Primordial Black Holes,

    T. Kuwahara and Y. Uchida, “Composite Asymmetric Dark Matter from Primordial Black Holes,”arXiv:2511.16354 [hep-ph]. 16

  170. [178]

    A Dynamical Explanation of the Dark Matter-Baryon Coincidence,

    D. Brzeminski and A. Hook, “A Dynamical Explanation of the Dark Matter-Baryon Coincidence,”Phys. Rev. Lett.132(2024) no. 20, 201001,arXiv:2310.07777 [hep-ph]. 17

  171. [179]

    Predicting the Dark Matter – Baryon Abundance Ratio,

    A. Banerjee, D. Brzeminski, and A. Hook, “Predicting the Dark Matter – Baryon Abundance Ratio,”arXiv:2410.22412 [hep-ph]. 17

  172. [180]

    The Twin Higgs: Natural electroweak breaking from mirror symmetry,

    Z. Chacko, H.-S. Goh, and R. Harnik, “The Twin Higgs: Natural electroweak breaking from mirror symmetry,”Phys. Rev. Lett.96(2006) 231802, arXiv:hep-ph/0506256. 17

  173. [181]

    Mirror baryons as the dark matter,

    H. M. Hodges, “Mirror baryons as the dark matter,”Phys. Rev. D47(1993) 456–459. 17

  174. [182]

    Composite Twin Dark Matter,

    J. Terning, C. B. Verhaaren, and K. Zora, “Composite Twin Dark Matter,”Phys. Rev. D99(2019) no. 9, 095020,arXiv:1902.08211 [hep-ph]. 17

  175. [183]

    Baryon-Dark Matter Coincidence in Mirrored Unification,

    M. Ibe, A. Kamada, S. Kobayashi, T. Kuwahara, and W. Nakano, “Baryon-Dark Matter Coincidence in Mirrored Unification,”Phys. Rev. D100(2019) no. 7, 075022, arXiv:1907.03404 [hep-ph]. 17

  176. [184]

    Twin cogenesis,

    W.-Z. Feng and J.-H. Yu, “Twin cogenesis,”Commun. Theor. Phys.75(2023) no. 4, 045201,arXiv:2005.06471 [hep-ph]. 17

  177. [185]

    Baryogenesis and dark matter in multiple hidden sectors,

    H. Easa, T. Gregoire, D. Stolarski, and C. Cosme, “Baryogenesis and dark matter in multiple hidden sectors,”Phys. Rev. D109(2024) no. 7, 075003,arXiv:2206.11314 [hep-ph]. 17

  178. [186]

    A closer look in the mirror: reflections on the matter/dark matter coincidence,

    A. Bodas, M. A. Buen-Abad, A. Hook, and R. Sundrum, “A closer look in the mirror: reflections on the matter/dark matter coincidence,”JHEP06(2024) 052, arXiv:2401.12286 [hep-ph]. 17

  179. [187]

    Effective Theory of Flavor for Minimal Mirror Twin Higgs,

    R. Barbieri, L. J. Hall, and K. Harigaya, “Effective Theory of Flavor for Minimal Mirror Twin Higgs,”JHEP10(2017) 015,arXiv:1706.05548 [hep-ph]. 17

  180. [188]

    Cosmological Signatures of a Mirror Twin Higgs,

    Z. Chacko, D. Curtin, M. Geller, and Y. Tsai, “Cosmological Signatures of a Mirror Twin Higgs,”JHEP09(2018) 163,arXiv:1803.03263 [hep-ph]. 17, 32

  181. [189]

    Direct detection of mirror matter in Twin Higgs models,

    Z. Chacko, D. Curtin, M. Geller, and Y. Tsai, “Direct detection of mirror matter in Twin Higgs models,”JHEP11(2021) 198,arXiv:2104.02074 [hep-ph]. 17 61

  182. [190]

    Resurrecting the fraternal twin WIMP miracle,

    D. Curtin, S. Gryba, D. Hooper, J. Scholtz, and J. Setford, “Resurrecting the fraternal twin WIMP miracle,”Phys. Rev. D105(2022) no. 3, 035033, arXiv:2106.12578 [hep-ph]. 17

  183. [191]

    Baryogenesis and dark matter in the mirror twin Higgs,

    P. Bittar, G. Burdman, and L. Kiriliuk, “Baryogenesis and dark matter in the mirror twin Higgs,”JHEP11(2023) 043,arXiv:2307.04662 [hep-ph]. 17

  184. [192]

    Composite asymmetric dark matter with a dark photon portal: Multimessenger tests,

    S. Das, A. Kamada, T. Kuwahara, K. Murase, and D. Song, “Composite asymmetric dark matter with a dark photon portal: Multimessenger tests,”Phys. Rev. D112 (2025) no. 1, 015027,arXiv:2412.15641 [hep-ph]. 17, 31

  185. [193]

    Twin Higgs portal dark matter,

    D. Curtin and S. Gryba, “Twin Higgs portal dark matter,”JHEP08(2021) 009, arXiv:2101.11019 [hep-ph]. 17

  186. [194]

    Dark Nuclei I: Cosmology and Indirect Detection,

    W. Detmold, M. McCullough, and A. Pochinsky, “Dark Nuclei I: Cosmology and Indirect Detection,”Phys. Rev. D90(2014) no. 11, 115013,arXiv:1406.2276 [hep-ph]. 17, 25, 30, 31, 43

  187. [195]

    Dark nuclei. II. Nuclear spectroscopy in two-color QCD,

    W. Detmold, M. McCullough, and A. Pochinsky, “Dark nuclei. II. Nuclear spectroscopy in two-color QCD,”Phys. Rev. D90(2014) no. 11, 114506, arXiv:1406.4116 [hep-lat]. 17, 25, 43

  188. [196]

    Theory of the Effective Range in Nuclear Scattering,

    H. A. Bethe, “Theory of the Effective Range in Nuclear Scattering,”Phys. Rev.76 (1949) 38–50. 17, 42

  189. [197]

    Effective field theory for few nucleon systems,

    P. F. Bedaque and U. van Kolck, “Effective field theory for few nucleon systems,” Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci.52(2002) 339–396,arXiv:nucl-th/0203055. 17, 42

  190. [198]

    Cosmological Production of Dark Nuclei,

    M. Redi and A. Tesi, “Cosmological Production of Dark Nuclei,”JHEP04(2019) 108,arXiv:1812.08784 [hep-ph]. 17, 25, 31, 42

  191. [199]

    Critical Behavior at Finite Temperature Confinement Transitions,

    B. Svetitsky and L. G. Yaffe, “Critical Behavior at Finite Temperature Confinement Transitions,”Nucl. Phys. B210(1982) 423–447. 18

  192. [200]

    The Deconfinement phase transition in one flavor QCD,

    C. Alexandrou, A. Borici, A. Feo, P. de Forcrand, A. Galli, F. Jegerlehner, and T. Takaishi, “The Deconfinement phase transition in one flavor QCD,”Phys. Rev. D 60(1999) 034504,arXiv:hep-lat/9811028. 18

  193. [201]

    Heavy quark potentials in quenched QCD at high temperature,

    O. Kaczmarek, F. Karsch, E. Laermann, and M. Lutgemeier, “Heavy quark potentials in quenched QCD at high temperature,”Phys. Rev. D62(2000) 034021, arXiv:hep-lat/9908010. 18

  194. [202]

    Properties of the deconfining phase transition in SU(N) gauge theories,

    B. Lucini, M. Teper, and U. Wenger, “Properties of the deconfining phase transition in SU(N) gauge theories,”JHEP02(2005) 033,arXiv:hep-lat/0502003. 18

  195. [203]

    The Order of the quantum chromodynamics transition predicted by the standard model of particle physics,

    Y. Aoki, G. Endrodi, Z. Fodor, S. D. Katz, and K. K. Szabo, “The Order of the quantum chromodynamics transition predicted by the standard model of particle physics,”Nature443(2006) 675–678,arXiv:hep-lat/0611014. 18 [207]WHOT-QCDCollaboration, H. Saito, S. Ejiri, S. Aoki, T. Ha...

  196. [204]

    Thermal squeezeout of dark matter,

    P. Asadi, E. D. Kramer, E. Kuflik, G. W. Ridgway, T. R. Slatyer, and J. Smirnov, “Thermal squeezeout of dark matter,”Phys. Rev. D104(2021) no. 9, 095013, arXiv:2103.09827 [hep-ph]. 18, 19, 30, 45

  197. [205]

    String Fragmentation in Supercooled Confinement and Implications for Dark Matter,

    I. Baldes, Y. Gouttenoire, and F. Sala, “String Fragmentation in Supercooled Confinement and Implications for Dark Matter,”JHEP04(2021) 278, arXiv:2007.08440 [hep-ph]. 18, 30

  198. [206]

    Supercool composite Dark Matter beyond 100 TeV,

    I. Baldes, Y. Gouttenoire, F. Sala, and G. Servant, “Supercool composite Dark Matter beyond 100 TeV,”JHEP07(2022) 084,arXiv:2110.13926 [hep-ph]. 18, 30

  199. [207]

    Accidentally Asymmetric Dark Matter,

    P. Asadi, E. D. Kramer, E. Kuflik, G. W. Ridgway, T. R. Slatyer, and J. Smirnov, “Accidentally Asymmetric Dark Matter,”Phys. Rev. Lett.127(2021) no. 21, 211101, arXiv:2103.09822 [hep-ph]. 18, 30, 45

  200. [208]

    Glueballs in a thermal squeezeout model,

    P. Asadi, E. D. Kramer, E. Kuflik, T. R. Slatyer, and J. Smirnov, “Glueballs in a thermal squeezeout model,”JHEP07(2022) 006,arXiv:2203.15813 [hep-ph]. 19

  201. [209]

    Heavy baryon dark matter from SU(N) confinement: Bubble wall velocity and boundary effects,

    Y. Gouttenoire, E. Kuflik, and D. Liu, “Heavy baryon dark matter from SU(N) confinement: Bubble wall velocity and boundary effects,”Phys. Rev. D109(2024) no. 3, 035002,arXiv:2311.00029 [hep-ph]. 19, 24, 45

  202. [210]

    Probing Confining Dark Sectors with Cosmological Perturbations,

    D. W. R. Ho, A. Ismail, and Y. Tsai, “Probing Confining Dark Sectors with Cosmological Perturbations,”arXiv:2606.25014 [hep-ph]. 19

  203. [211]

    Gravitational Waves from a Dark Phase Transition,

    P. Schwaller, “Gravitational Waves from a Dark Phase Transition,”Phys. Rev. Lett. 115(2015) no. 18, 181101,arXiv:1504.07263 [hep-ph]. 19

  204. [212]

    Observational prospects for gravitational waves from hidden or dark chiral phase transitions,

    A. J. Helmboldt, J. Kubo, and S. van der Woude, “Observational prospects for gravitational waves from hidden or dark chiral phase transitions,”Phys. Rev. D100 (2019) no. 5, 055025,arXiv:1904.07891 [hep-ph]. 19

  205. [213]

    Prediction for Maximum Supercooling in SU(N) Confinement Transition,

    P. Agrawal, G. R. Kane, V. Loladze, and J. March-Russell, “Prediction for Maximum Supercooling in SU(N) Confinement Transition,”Phys. Rev. Lett.136(2026) no. 4, 041902,arXiv:2508.10091 [hep-ph]. 19

  206. [214]

    Confinement transition to gravitational waves in the one-flavor SU(4) Hyper Stealth Dark Matter theory,

    V. Ayyaret al., “Confinement transition to gravitational waves in the one-flavor SU(4) Hyper Stealth Dark Matter theory,”arXiv:2602.23002 [hep-lat]. 19, 43

  207. [215]

    Primordial black holes from first-order cosmological phase transitions,

    M. J. Baker, M. Breitbach, J. Kopp, and L. Mittnacht, “Primordial black holes from first-order cosmological phase transitions,”Phys. Lett. B868(2025) 139625, arXiv:2105.07481 [astro-ph.CO]. 19

  208. [216]

    Primordial black holes from confinement,

    G. Dvali, F. K¨ uhnel, and M. Zantedeschi, “Primordial black holes from confinement,” Phys. Rev. D104(2021) no. 12, 123507,arXiv:2108.09471 [hep-ph]. 19 63

  209. [217]

    Detailed calculation of primordial black hole formation during first-order cosmological phase transitions,

    M. J. Baker, M. Breitbach, J. Kopp, and L. Mittnacht, “Detailed calculation of primordial black hole formation during first-order cosmological phase transitions,” Phys. Rev. D111(2025) no. 6, 063544,arXiv:2110.00005 [astro-ph.CO]. 19

  210. [218]

    Primordial Black Holes Formation Beyond the Standard Cosmic QCD Transition,

    M. Gonin, O. Ivanytskyi, D. Blaschke, and G. Hasinger, “Primordial Black Holes Formation Beyond the Standard Cosmic QCD Transition,”arXiv:2604.12581 [astro-ph.CO]. 19

  211. [219]

    Dark Grand Unification in the axiverse: decaying axion dark matter and spontaneous baryogenesis,

    J. W. Foster, S. Kumar, B. R. Safdi, and Y. Soreq, “Dark Grand Unification in the axiverse: decaying axion dark matter and spontaneous baryogenesis,”JHEP12 (2022) 119,arXiv:2208.10504 [hep-ph]. 19

  212. [220]

    Dark Matter Microhalos From Simplified Models,

    N. Blinov, M. J. Dolan, P. Draper, and J. Shelton, “Dark Matter Microhalos From Simplified Models,”Phys. Rev. D103(2021) no. 10, 103514,arXiv:2102.05070 [astro-ph.CO]. 19

  213. [221]

    Cannibalism’s lingering imprint on the matter power spectrum,

    A. L. Erickcek, P. Ralegankar, and J. Shelton, “Cannibalism’s lingering imprint on the matter power spectrum,”JCAP01(2022) no. 01, 017,arXiv:2106.09041 [hep-ph]. [Erratum: JCAP 10, E01 (2022)]. 19

  214. [222]

    Gravitational wave signals from early matter domination: interpolating between fast and slow transitions,

    M. Pearce, L. Pearce, G. White, and C. Balazs, “Gravitational wave signals from early matter domination: interpolating between fast and slow transitions,”JCAP06 (2024) 021,arXiv:2311.12340 [astro-ph.CO]. 19

  215. [223]

    Minimal Composite Inflation,

    P. Channuie, J. J. Joergensen, and F. Sannino, “Minimal Composite Inflation,” JCAP05(2011) 007,arXiv:1102.2898 [hep-ph]. 19

  216. [224]

    Cosmological Consequences of Nearly Conformal Dynamics at the TeV scale,

    T. Konstandin and G. Servant, “Cosmological Consequences of Nearly Conformal Dynamics at the TeV scale,”JCAP12(2011) 009,arXiv:1104.4791 [hep-ph]. 19, 20

  217. [225]

    Composite Inflation Setup and Glueball Inflation,

    F. Bezrukov, P. Channuie, J. J. Joergensen, and F. Sannino, “Composite Inflation Setup and Glueball Inflation,”Phys. Rev. D86(2012) 063513,arXiv:1112.4054 [hep-ph]. 19

  218. [226]

    Inflation from Strongly Coupled Gauge Dynamics,

    N. Evans, J. French, and K.-Y. Kim, “Inflation from Strongly Coupled Gauge Dynamics,”arXiv:1208.3060 [hep-th]. 19

  219. [227]

    Strong Dynamics and Inflation: a review,

    P. Channuie, “Strong Dynamics and Inflation: a review,”Nucl. Phys. B892(2015) 429–448,arXiv:1410.7547 [hep-ph]. 19

  220. [228]

    Composite dynamics and cosmology: inflation,

    D. Samart, C. Pongkitivanichkul, and P. Channuie, “Composite dynamics and cosmology: inflation,”Eur. Phys. J. ST231(2022) no. 7, 1325–1344. 19

  221. [229]

    Composite hybrid inflation: dilaton and waterfall pions,

    G. Cacciapaglia, D. Y. Cheong, A. Deandrea, W. Isnard, and S. C. Park, “Composite hybrid inflation: dilaton and waterfall pions,”JCAP10(2023) 063, arXiv:2307.01852 [hep-ph]. 19

  222. [230]

    Composite hybrid inflation: primordial black holes and stochastic gravitational waves,

    G. Cacciapaglia, D. Y. Cheong, A. Deandrea, W. Isnard, S. C. Park, X. Wang, and Y.-l. Zhang, “Composite hybrid inflation: primordial black holes and stochastic gravitational waves,”JCAP03(2026) 054,arXiv:2506.06655 [hep-ph]. 19 64

  223. [231]

    Natural Inflation with Pseudo - Nambu-Goldstone Bosons,

    K. Freese, J. A. Frieman, and A. V. Olinto, “Natural Inflation with Pseudo - Nambu-Goldstone Bosons,”Phys. Rev. Lett.65(1990) 3233–3236. 19

  224. [232]

    Completing natural inflation,

    J. E. Kim, H. P. Nilles, and M. Peloso, “Completing natural inflation,”JCAP01 (2005) 005,arXiv:hep-ph/0409138. 19

  225. [233]

    Minimal Warm Inflation,

    K. V. Berghaus, P. W. Graham, and D. E. Kaplan, “Minimal Warm Inflation,”JCAP 03(2020) 034,arXiv:1910.07525 [hep-ph]. [Erratum: JCAP 10, E02 (2023)]. 19

  226. [234]

    Warming up cold inflation,

    W. DeRocco, P. W. Graham, and S. Kalia, “Warming up cold inflation,”JCAP11 (2021) 011,arXiv:2107.07517 [hep-ph]. 19

  227. [235]

    Recent Developments in Warm Inflation,

    V. Kamali, M. Motaharfar, and R. O. Ramos, “Recent Developments in Warm Inflation,”Universe9(2023) no. 3, 124,arXiv:2302.02827 [hep-ph]. 19

  228. [236]

    Smooth reheating and dark matter via non-Abelian gauge theory,

    S. Biondini, H. Kolesova, and S. Procacci, “Smooth reheating and dark matter via non-Abelian gauge theory,”Phys. Lett. B857(2024) 138995,arXiv:2406.10345 [hep-ph]. 19

  229. [237]

    Warm Inflation with the Standard Model,

    K. V. Berghaus, M. Drewes, and S. Zell, “Warm Inflation with the Standard Model,” Phys. Rev. Lett.135(2025) no. 17, 171002,arXiv:2503.18829 [hep-ph]. 19

  230. [238]

    Cosmological quasiparticles and the cosmological collider,

    J. Hubisz, S. J. Lee, H. Li, and B. Sambasivam, “Cosmological quasiparticles and the cosmological collider,”Phys. Rev. D111(2025) no. 2, 023543,arXiv:2408.08951 [astro-ph.CO]. 20

  231. [239]

    Warped dimensions at the cosmological collider,

    S. Kumar and M. Nee, “Warped dimensions at the cosmological collider,”JHEP04 (2026) 035,arXiv:2510.19900 [hep-ph]. 20

  232. [240]

    Standard Model anatomy of WIMP dark matter direct detection I: weak-scale matching,

    R. J. Hill and M. P. Solon, “Standard Model anatomy of WIMP dark matter direct detection I: weak-scale matching,”Phys. Rev. D91(2015) 043504,arXiv:1401.3339 [hep-ph]. 20

  233. [241]

    Direct and indirect limits on the electromagnetic form-factors of WIMPs,

    M. Pospelov and T. ter Veldhuis, “Direct and indirect limits on the electromagnetic form-factors of WIMPs,”Phys. Lett. B480(2000) 181–186,arXiv:hep-ph/0003010. 21

  234. [242]

    Dark-matter electric and magnetic dipole moments,

    K. Sigurdson, M. Doran, A. Kurylov, R. R. Caldwell, and M. Kamionkowski, “Dark-matter electric and magnetic dipole moments,”Phys. Rev. D70(2004) 083501,arXiv:astro-ph/0406355. [Erratum: Phys.Rev.D 73, 089903 (2006)]. 21

  235. [243]

    Electromagnetic properties of dark matter: Dipole moments and charge form factor,

    V. Barger, W.-Y. Keung, and D. Marfatia, “Electromagnetic properties of dark matter: Dipole moments and charge form factor,”Phys. Lett. B696(2011) 74–78, arXiv:1007.4345 [hep-ph]. 21

  236. [244]

    Direct Detection of Dark Matter Electromagnetic Dipole Moments,

    T. Banks, J.-F. Fortin, and S. Thomas, “Direct Detection of Dark Matter Electromagnetic Dipole Moments,”arXiv:1007.5515 [hep-ph]. 21, 22

  237. [245]

    Dark Moments and the DAMA-CoGeNT Puzzle,

    A. L. Fitzpatrick and K. M. Zurek, “Dark Moments and the DAMA-CoGeNT Puzzle,”Phys. Rev. D82(2010) 075004,arXiv:1007.5325 [hep-ph]. 22

  238. [246]

    Light Magnetic Dark Matter in Direct Detection Searches,

    E. Del Nobile, C. Kouvaris, P. Panci, F. Sannino, and J. Virkajarvi, “Light Magnetic Dark Matter in Direct Detection Searches,”JCAP08(2012) 010,arXiv:1203.6652 [hep-ph]. 22 65

  239. [247]

    Magnetic dipole moments for composite dark matter,

    A. Aranda, L. Barajas, and J. A. R. Cembranos, “Magnetic dipole moments for composite dark matter,”JCAP03(2016) 034,arXiv:1511.02805 [hep-ph]. 22

  240. [248]

    How Dark Are Majorana WIMPs? Signals from MiDM and Rayleigh Dark Matter,

    N. Weiner and I. Yavin, “How Dark Are Majorana WIMPs? Signals from MiDM and Rayleigh Dark Matter,”Phys. Rev. D86(2012) 075021,arXiv:1206.2910 [hep-ph]. 22

  241. [249]

    UV completions of magnetic inelastic and Rayleigh dark matter for the Fermi Line(s),

    N. Weiner and I. Yavin, “UV completions of magnetic inelastic and Rayleigh dark matter for the Fermi Line(s),”Phys. Rev. D87(2013) no. 2, 023523, arXiv:1209.1093 [hep-ph]. 22

  242. [250]

    Scalar Rayleigh Dark Matter: current bounds and future prospects,

    D. Barducci, D. Buttazzo, A. Dondarini, R. Franceschini, G. Marino, F. Mescia, and P. Panci, “Scalar Rayleigh Dark Matter: current bounds and future prospects,” JHEP06(2025) 171,arXiv:2501.09073 [hep-ph]. 22

  243. [251]

    Direct detection of dark matter polarizability,

    G. Ovanesyan and L. Vecchi, “Direct detection of dark matter polarizability,”JHEP 07(2015) 128,arXiv:1410.0601 [hep-ph]. 22

  244. [252]

    Faint Light from Dark Matter: Classifying and Constraining Dark Matter-Photon Effective Operators,

    B. J. Kavanagh, P. Panci, and R. Ziegler, “Faint Light from Dark Matter: Classifying and Constraining Dark Matter-Photon Effective Operators,”JHEP04(2019) 089, arXiv:1810.00033 [hep-ph]. 22

  245. [253]

    Probing dark matter electromagnetic properties in direct detection experiments,

    A. Ibarra, M. Reichard, and G. Tomar, “Probing dark matter electromagnetic properties in direct detection experiments,”JCAP02(2025) 072,arXiv:2408.15760 [hep-ph]. 23

  246. [254]

    Direct detection of dark baryons naturally suppressed by H-parity,

    P. Asadi, G. D. Kribs, and C. J. H. Mantel, “Direct detection of dark baryons naturally suppressed by H-parity,”Phys. Rev. D111(2025) no. 9, 095030, arXiv:2410.23631 [hep-ph]. 23, 24, 28

  247. [255]

    Composite scalar Dark Matter from vector-likeSU(2) confinement,

    R. Pasechnik, V. Beylin, V. Kuksa, and G. Vereshkov, “Composite scalar Dark Matter from vector-likeSU(2) confinement,”Int. J. Mod. Phys. A31(2016) no. 08, 1650036,arXiv:1407.2392 [hep-ph]. 23, 33

  248. [256]

    Minimal dark matter,

    M. Cirelli, N. Fornengo, and A. Strumia, “Minimal dark matter,”Nucl. Phys. B753 (2006) 178–194,arXiv:hep-ph/0512090. 24

  249. [257]

    Noble dark matter: Surprising elusiveness of dark baryons,

    P. Asadi, A. Batz, and G. D. Kribs, “Noble dark matter: Surprising elusiveness of dark baryons,”Phys. Rev. D111(2025) no. 9, 095025,arXiv:2412.14240 [hep-ph]. 24, 42

  250. [258]

    Chiral Dark Sector,

    R. T. Co, K. Harigaya, and Y. Nomura, “Chiral Dark Sector,”Phys. Rev. Lett.118 (2017) no. 10, 101801,arXiv:1610.03848 [hep-ph]. 24

  251. [259]

    Ultraviolet Completion of a Composite Asymmetric Dark Matter Model with a Dark Photon Portal,

    M. Ibe, A. Kamada, S. Kobayashi, T. Kuwahara, and W. Nakano, “Ultraviolet Completion of a Composite Asymmetric Dark Matter Model with a Dark Photon Portal,”JHEP03(2019) 173,arXiv:1811.10232 [hep-ph]. 24

  252. [260]

    Self-interacting dark baryons,

    J. M. Cline and C. Perron, “Self-interacting dark baryons,”Phys. Rev. D106(2022) no. 8, 083514,arXiv:2204.00033 [hep-ph]. 24

  253. [261]

    Nonabelian kinetic mixing in a confining phase: a framework for composite dark photons,

    G. Alonso- ´Alvarez, R. Cao, J. M. Cline, K. Moorthy, and T. Xiao, “Nonabelian kinetic mixing in a confining phase: a framework for composite dark photons,”JHEP 02(2024) 017,arXiv:2309.13105 [hep-ph]. 24 66

  254. [262]

    Dark Glueball Direct Detection,

    J.-W. Li, R. Pasechnik, W. Wang, and Z.-W. Wang, “Dark Glueball Direct Detection,”arXiv:2602.18753 [hep-ph]. 25

  255. [263]

    Stable Bound States of Asymmetric Dark Matter,

    M. B. Wise and Y. Zhang, “Stable Bound States of Asymmetric Dark Matter,”Phys. Rev. D90(2014) no. 5, 055030,arXiv:1407.4121 [hep-ph]. [Erratum: Phys.Rev.D 91, 039907 (2015)]. 25

  256. [264]

    Yukawa Bound States of a Large Number of Fermions,

    M. B. Wise and Y. Zhang, “Yukawa Bound States of a Large Number of Fermions,” JHEP02(2015) 023,arXiv:1411.1772 [hep-ph]. [Erratum: JHEP 10, 165 (2015)]. 25

  257. [265]

    Can Tonne-Scale Direct Detection Experiments Discover Nuclear Dark Matter?,

    A. Butcher, R. Kirk, J. Monroe, and S. M. West, “Can Tonne-Scale Direct Detection Experiments Discover Nuclear Dark Matter?,”JCAP10(2017) 035, arXiv:1610.01840 [hep-ph]. 26

  258. [266]

    Detecting Dark Blobs,

    D. M. Grabowska, T. Melia, and S. Rajendran, “Detecting Dark Blobs,”Phys. Rev. D98(2018) no. 11, 115020,arXiv:1807.03788 [hep-ph]. 26

  259. [267]

    Direct Detection of Bound States of Asymmetric Dark Matter,

    A. Coskuner, D. M. Grabowska, S. Knapen, and K. M. Zurek, “Direct Detection of Bound States of Asymmetric Dark Matter,”Phys. Rev. D100(2019) no. 3, 035025, arXiv:1812.07573 [hep-ph]. 26, 29

  260. [268]

    Loosely bound composite dark matter,

    J. F. Acevedo, Y. Boukhtouchen, J. Bramante, C. Cappiello, G. Mohlabeng, and N. Tyagi, “Loosely bound composite dark matter,”JCAP03(2025) 013, arXiv:2408.03983 [hep-ph]. 26

  261. [269]

    Limits on dark matter using ancient mica,

    D. P. Snowden-Ifft, E. S. Freeman, and P. B. Price, “Limits on dark matter using ancient mica,”Phys. Rev. Lett.74(1995) 4133–4136. 26

  262. [270]

    Unique signature of dark matter in ancient mica,

    D. P. Snowden-Ifft and A. J. Westphal, “Unique signature of dark matter in ancient mica,”Phys. Rev. Lett.78(1997) 1628–1631,arXiv:astro-ph/9701215. 26

  263. [271]

    Probing the structure of the cold dark matter halo using ancient mica,

    E. A. Baltz, A. J. Westphal, and D. P. Snowden-Ifft, “Probing the structure of the cold dark matter halo using ancient mica,”Phys. Rev. D59(1999) 023510, arXiv:astro-ph/9711039. 26

  264. [272]

    Searching for Dark Matter with Paleo-Detectors,

    S. Baum, A. K. Drukier, K. Freese, M. G´ orski, and P. Stengel, “Searching for Dark Matter with Paleo-Detectors,”Phys. Lett. B803(2020) 135325,arXiv:1806.05991 [astro-ph.CO]. 26

  265. [273]

    Counter-top search for macroscopic dark matter,

    J. Singh Sidhu, G. Starkman, and R. Harvey, “Counter-top search for macroscopic dark matter,”Phys. Rev. D100(2019) no. 10, 103015,arXiv:1905.10025 [astro-ph.HE]. 26

  266. [274]

    Ultraheavy dark matter search with electron microscopy of geological quartz,

    R. Ebadiet al., “Ultraheavy dark matter search with electron microscopy of geological quartz,”Phys. Rev. D104(2021) no. 1, 015041,arXiv:2105.03998 [hep-ph]. 26

  267. [275]

    Old rocks, new limits: excavated ancient mica searches for dark matter,

    J. F. Acevedo, J. Bramante, and A. Goodman, “Old rocks, new limits: excavated ancient mica searches for dark matter,”JCAP11(2023) 085,arXiv:2105.06473 [hep-ph]. 27 67

  268. [276]

    New Windows on Heavy Dark Matter: Mineral Melt Modelling and X-Ray Readout for Muscovite Mica,

    Y. Boukhtouchen, J. Bramante, A. Buchanan, A. Hayes, M. Leybourne, J. McIntosh, A. Ray, and A. Shugar, “New Windows on Heavy Dark Matter: Mineral Melt Modelling and X-Ray Readout for Muscovite Mica,”arXiv:2606.02579 [hep-ph]. 27

  269. [277]

    Composite Inelastic Dark Matter,

    D. S. M. Alves, S. R. Behbahani, P. Schuster, and J. G. Wacker, “Composite Inelastic Dark Matter,”Phys. Lett. B692(2010) 323–326,arXiv:0903.3945 [hep-ph]. 27, 41

  270. [278]

    Parity Violation in Composite Inelastic Dark Matter Models,

    M. Lisanti and J. G. Wacker, “Parity Violation in Composite Inelastic Dark Matter Models,”Phys. Rev. D82(2010) 055023,arXiv:0911.4483 [hep-ph]. 27

  271. [279]

    The Cosmology of Composite Inelastic Dark Matter,

    D. Spier Moreira Alves, S. R. Behbahani, P. Schuster, and J. G. Wacker, “The Cosmology of Composite Inelastic Dark Matter,”JHEP06(2010) 113, arXiv:1003.4729 [hep-ph]. 27, 41

  272. [280]

    Magnetic Inelastic Dark Matter,

    S. Chang, N. Weiner, and I. Yavin, “Magnetic Inelastic Dark Matter,”Phys. Rev. D 82(2010) 125011,arXiv:1007.4200 [hep-ph]. 27, 28

  273. [281]

    Magnetic Fluffy Dark Matter,

    K. Kumar, A. Menon, and T. M. P. Tait, “Magnetic Fluffy Dark Matter,”JHEP02 (2012) 131,arXiv:1111.2336 [hep-ph]. 28

  274. [282]

    Inelastic frontier: Discovering dark matter at high recoil energy,

    J. Bramante, P. J. Fox, G. D. Kribs, and A. Martin, “Inelastic frontier: Discovering dark matter at high recoil energy,”Phys. Rev.D94(2016) no. 11, 115026, arXiv:1608.02662 [hep-ph]. 28

  275. [283]

    Luminous Dark Matter,

    B. Feldstein, P. W. Graham, and S. Rajendran, “Luminous Dark Matter,”Phys. Rev. D82(2010) 075019,arXiv:1008.1988 [hep-ph]. 28

  276. [284]

    Indirect detection of low mass dark matter in direct detection experiments with inelastic scattering,

    N. F. Bell, J. B. Dent, B. Dutta, J. Kumar, and J. L. Newstead, “Indirect detection of low mass dark matter in direct detection experiments with inelastic scattering,” Phys. Rev. D106(2022) no. 10, 103016,arXiv:2208.08020 [hep-ph]. 28

  277. [285]

    Luminous Signals of Inelastic Dark Matter in Large Detectors,

    J. Eby, P. J. Fox, R. Harnik, and G. D. Kribs, “Luminous Signals of Inelastic Dark Matter in Large Detectors,”JHEP09(2019) 115,arXiv:1904.09994 [hep-ph]. 28

  278. [286]

    Earth-catalyzed detection of magnetic inelastic dark matter with photons in large underground detectors,

    J. Eby, P. J. Fox, and G. D. Kribs, “Earth-catalyzed detection of magnetic inelastic dark matter with photons in large underground detectors,”JHEP06(2024) 165, arXiv:2312.08478 [hep-ph]. 28

  279. [287]

    Nuclear fusion inside dark matter,

    J. F. Acevedo, J. Bramante, and A. Goodman, “Nuclear fusion inside dark matter,” Phys. Rev. D103(2021) no. 12, 123022,arXiv:2012.10998 [hep-ph]. 29

  280. [288]

    Resonant scattering between dark matter and baryons: Revised direct detection and CMB limits,

    X. Xu and G. R. Farrar, “Resonant scattering between dark matter and baryons: Revised direct detection and CMB limits,”Phys. Rev. D107(2023) no. 9, 095028, arXiv:2101.00142 [hep-ph]. 29

  281. [289]

    Dark atoms and composite dark matter,

    J. M. Cline, “Dark atoms and composite dark matter,”SciPost Phys. Lect. Notes52 (2022) 1,arXiv:2108.10314 [hep-ph]. 29

  282. [290]

    Self-Destructing Dark Matter,

    Y. Grossman, R. Harnik, O. Telem, and Y. Zhang, “Self-Destructing Dark Matter,” JHEP07(2019) 017,arXiv:1712.00455 [hep-ph]. 29 68

  283. [291]

    Indirect detection of Dark Matter annihilating into Dark Glueballs,

    D. Curtin and C. Gemmell, “Indirect detection of Dark Matter annihilating into Dark Glueballs,”JHEP09(2023) 010,arXiv:2211.05794 [hep-ph]. 30

  284. [292]

    Simulating glueball production in Nf=0 QCD,

    D. Curtin, C. Gemmell, and C. B. Verhaaren, “Simulating glueball production in Nf=0 QCD,”Phys. Rev. D106(2022) no. 7, 075015,arXiv:2202.12899 [hep-ph]. 30

  285. [293]

    Dark sector glueballs at the LHC,

    A. Batz, T. Cohen, D. Curtin, C. Gemmell, and G. D. Kribs, “Dark sector glueballs at the LHC,”JHEP04(2024) 070,arXiv:2310.13731 [hep-ph]. 30, 33, 36

  286. [294]

    Dark Nucleosynthesis: Cross-sections and Astrophysical Signals,

    R. Mahbubani, M. Redi, and A. Tesi, “Dark Nucleosynthesis: Cross-sections and Astrophysical Signals,”JCAP02(2021) 039,arXiv:2007.07231 [hep-ph]. 30, 42

  287. [295]

    Leptonic Indirect Detection Signals from Strongly Interacting Asymmetric Dark Matter,

    Y. Cai, M. A. Luty, and D. E. Kaplan, “Leptonic Indirect Detection Signals from Strongly Interacting Asymmetric Dark Matter,”arXiv:0909.5499 [hep-ph]. 30

  288. [296]

    Consequences of DM/antiDM Oscillations for Asymmetric WIMP Dark Matter,

    M. Cirelli, P. Panci, G. Servant, and G. Zaharijas, “Consequences of DM/antiDM Oscillations for Asymmetric WIMP Dark Matter,”JCAP03(2012) 015, arXiv:1110.3809 [hep-ph]. 30

  289. [297]

    Oscillating Asymmetric Dark Matter,

    S. Tulin, H.-B. Yu, and K. M. Zurek, “Oscillating Asymmetric Dark Matter,”JCAP 05(2012) 013,arXiv:1202.0283 [hep-ph]. 30

  290. [298]

    Annihilation Signals from Asymmetric Dark Matter,

    E. Hardy, R. Lasenby, and J. Unwin, “Annihilation Signals from Asymmetric Dark Matter,”JHEP07(2014) 049,arXiv:1402.4500 [hep-ph]. 30

  291. [299]

    Indirect detection of composite asymmetric dark matter,

    R. Mahbubani, M. Redi, and A. Tesi, “Indirect detection of composite asymmetric dark matter,”Phys. Rev. D101(2020) no. 10, 103037,arXiv:1908.00538 [hep-ph]. 30, 42

  292. [300]

    Finite-size dark matter and its effect on small-scale structure,

    X. Chu, C. Garcia-Cely, and H. Murayama, “Finite-size dark matter and its effect on small-scale structure,”Phys. Rev. Lett.124(2020) no. 4, 041101,arXiv:1901.00075 [hep-ph]. 31

Pith tools

Reviewed July 1, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.