First planetesimals from DESI DR1: 12 highly metal-rich white dwarfs

A. de la Macorra; A. Dey; A. Kremin; A. Meisner; Andrew Swan; B.A. Weaver; Boris T. G\"ansicke; C. Allende Prieto; Christopher J. Manser; D. Aguado

REVIEW 3 major objections 4 minor 296 references

First planetesimals from DESI DR1: 12 highly metal-rich white dwarfs

T0 review · 3 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-02 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read DESI spectra of 12 polluted white dwarfs measure the composition of their accreted planetesimals, including two that may be water-rich.

desk verdict Solid DESI-era measurement paper: the abundance work is careful and cross-validated, but the abstract sells the weaker water-rich candidate harder than the data support. read the letter →

arxiv 2607.14251 v1 pith:L7VQG2BQ submitted 2026-07-15 astro-ph.EP astro-ph.SR

Paula Izquierdo , Andrew Swan , Boris T. Gänsicke , Jamie T. Williams , Detlev Koester , Nicola P. Gentile-Fusillo , Christopher J. Manser , Laura K. Rogers

show 38 more authors

D. Aguado J. Aguilar S. Ahlen C. Allende Prieto D. Bianchi D. Brooks T. Claybaugh A. de la Macorra A. Dey P. Doel J.E. Forero-Romero E. Gaztañaga S. Gontcho A Gontcho G. Gutiérrez D. Joyce T. Kisner S.E. Koposov A. Kremin M. Landriau L. Le Guillou T.S. Li M. Manera A. Meisner R. Miquel J. Moustakas J. Najita W.J. Percival F. Prada I. Pérez-Ràfols G. Rossi E. Sanchez D. Schlegel M. Schubnell D. Sprayberry G.Tarlé B.A. Weaver R. Zhou H. Zou

This is my paper

classification astro-ph.EPastro-ph.SR

keywords whitedwarfsmetalpollutionplanetesimalcompositionexoplanetinteriorsaccretionDESIwater-richplanetesimalsoxygenbudget

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper analyzes 12 white dwarfs whose atmospheres are polluted with metal debris from disrupted planetary bodies, using survey spectra plus follow-up ultraviolet spectroscopy for seven of them. It aims to show that medium-resolution surveys can yield reliable, precise elemental abundances for the accreted material. From those abundances, the authors reconstruct what the parent bodies were made of. They find that most match primitive, unprocessed rock similar to chondrite meteorites, one looks like a planetary core fragment, another resembles silicate mantle, and two show large oxygen fractions that tentatively indicate water-bearing parent bodies. If right, the work extends a method for reading exoplanet interiors from a few dozen well-studied stars to a survey scale of thousands.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing mechanism is the conversion from measured photospheric abundances to parent-body compositions. Each element sinks out of the white dwarf's convection zone on a different diffusion timescale; assuming steady-state accretion, the photospheric abundance of element Z is proportional to its accretion rate times its sinking time. The paper combines these sinking-time corrections with an oxygen-budget accounting (oxygen apportioned among MgO, SiO2, CaO, FeO and similar oxides, with any leftover oxygen attributed to H2O) and a Bayesian model that marginalizes over accretion phase (increasing, steady, or decreasing) and water fraction. The central identity is the oxygen budget ratio

What would settle it

A high-resolution ultraviolet spectrum of 1352+0323, whose oxygen lines are weak and imperfectly fitted, would confirm or refute its oxygen abundance and settle whether the water-rich classification is real. More generally, if refined diffusion models change the relative sinking times of oxygen, magnesium, and iron by more than about a factor of two, the oxygen-budget excess in 0452−0214 could disappear. A search for a transit or a circumstellar disc around these two stars would also test whether accretion is actually ongoing.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

On the paper's own terms, the central discovery is twofold. First, the survey spectra, when combined with iterative atmosphere modelling, give photospheric metal abundances that agree with independent higher-resolution follow-up to within about 1–2 per cent, with no systematic offset. Second, the 12 accreted bodies are compositionally diverse: mostly chondritic, with one core-like (iron-rich, oxygen-poor) body, one silicate-mantle-like body, and two (0452−0214 and 1352+0323) with oxygen budgets suggesting water fractions around 60–80 per cent, i.e. something akin to water-rich planetesimals.

Load-bearing premise

The parent-body compositions, water fractions, and accretion rates all rest on element-specific diffusion (sinking) timescales for each white dwarf; if those timescales are materially wrong, the inferred accretion phase, mass budget, and dry-versus-water-rich classifications all shift.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

If the survey abundances are reliable at the claimed level, thousands of metal-polluted white dwarfs can be screened for detailed composition study without pre-selection bias.
The two water-rich candidates, if confirmed, imply that water-bearing planetesimals can survive to the white-dwarf stage and be accreted, with consequences for where water resides in evolved planetary systems.
Core-rich and mantle-rich accreted bodies (0850+3208 and 1336−0337) indicate that differentiated bodies are common enough to appear in a sample of twelve.
The diversity seen here supports the view that white-dwarf pollution traces the full range of planetesimal interiors, not just primitive chondrites.
Detecting three to ten metals per system, including the rock-forming species, sets a benchmark for what medium-resolution spectroscopy can extract from polluted white dwarfs.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

If the water-rich interpretation for 0452−0214 and 1352+0323 holds, it would lend support to the idea that volatile-rich delivery can raise debris-disc mass flow and thereby explain the high accretion rates measured for helium-atmosphere white dwarfs; the paper raises this possibility but does not endorse it.
The tension in 1333+3254 — oxygen budget suggesting roughly 25 per cent water while the Bayesian analysis prefers dry and the hydrogen budget is too low — points toward alternative oxygen carriers such as CO2 or Fe2O3; this could be tested with ultraviolet spectroscopy searching for photospheric carbon.
A testable extension: the two water-rich candidates should show a circumstellar debris disc with a detectable infrared excess if they are currently accreting volatile-rich material, or atmospheric carbon and nitrogen if the water arrived as CO2 or NH3 ices; the paper finds no infrared excess but notes faint discs can escape detection.
The cross-instrument agreement of about 1–2 per cent suggests that a systematic abundance error of roughly 0.2 dex, as the paper adopts, is a practical floor for future large-sample surveys; that is enough to separate dry from water-rich bodies at the claimed level.

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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

First thing to know: this is a useful, well-executed pilot study, and the abundance measurements are the strength. The authors selected 12 heavily polluted white dwarfs from DESI DR1, nine newly identified, got X-shooter follow-up for seven, and the cross-instrument agreement is genuinely good — weighted mean difference 0.007±0.007 dex between DESI and X-shooter abundances. That is a strong validation that DESI medium-resolution spectra can support this kind of science. The iterative fitting workflow (photometry + spectroscopy + custom grids) is transparent, the data are public, and the figures show the fits, including weak cases.

The new results: eight systems with six or more metals, which adds meaningfully to the small pool of well-characterized polluted white dwarfs. The parent-body classifications are plausible, and the two water-rich candidates (0452−0214 and 1352+0323) plus the core-like object (0850+3208) are worth following up. The oxygen-budget analysis is a nice, conservative sanity check, and the Bayesian accretion-state modelling is the right tool even if it leans on prior assumptions.

Now the soft spots, in proportion. The biggest issue is the abstract's wording. The body explicitly says the O lines in 1352+0323 are "weak and not satisfactorily modelled" and that the O abundance "requires a deeper spectrum for confirmation and should for now be treated with some care." But the abstract lumps 1352+0323 in with 0452−0214 as accreting "something akin to a water-rich planetesimal," with no caveat. That is overstating the finding. The stress-test is right: if the O measurement for 1352+0323 is off, you drop from two water-rich candidates to one. The authors do soften it in the conclusions ("may tentatively indicate"), so this is an abstract/body mismatch, not a fundamentally dishonest claim.

The other soft spots are the usual: uncertainties are statistical-only, with ~0.2 dex systematics discussed but not propagated; and the whole parent-body interpretation sits on Koester diffusion timescales that the authors themselves note are still under development. That is not a fatal flaw — it is the standard uncertainty in the field, and the paper flags it (§4.7). But it means the most exciting conclusions (water fractions, core fractions) are more fragile than the measured abundances.

Bottom line: the measurement layer is solid, the interpretation is reasonable with caveats, and the abstract overreaches on one object. For anyone working on polluted white dwarfs or exoplanet compositions, this is a useful paper and it validates a new survey channel. I would send it to peer review. A good referee should push for the abstract to match the body — specifically, to flag 1352+0323 as tentative — and for a brief discussion of how the 0.2 dex systematics would shift the water fractions.

Referee Report

3 major / 4 minor

Summary. The paper presents a pilot abundance analysis of 12 highly metal-enriched white dwarfs selected from DESI DR1, with X-shooter follow-up for seven of them. The authors measure stellar parameters and photospheric metal abundances through an iterative photometric+spectroscopic modelling workflow, identify between three and ten metals per system, and convert the abundances into parent-body compositions using diffusion timescales and Bayesian accretion modelling. They report that most accreted bodies resemble primitive chondrites or bulk Earth, that 0850+3208 may be core-rich, that 1336−0337 resembles bulk silicate Earth, and that 0452−0214 and 1352+0323 show large oxygen mass fractions interpreted as water-rich planetesimals. A key quantitative result is the excellent agreement between DESI and X-shooter abundances, with a weighted mean difference of 0.007±0.007 dex.

Significance. If the abundance results are robust, this is a valuable demonstration that DESI medium-resolution spectroscopy can deliver reliable photospheric abundances for highly polluted white dwarfs, expanding the sample of systems with detailed compositional constraints. The cross-instrument comparison is a genuine strength, as is the explicit six-stage fitting workflow and the use of publicly available data with a Zenodo release. The compositional classification of the sample, including two water-rich candidates, is scientifically interesting but depends on external diffusion models and on the reliability of the oxygen detections. The paper also transparently flags its main limitations, including the diffusion-timescale uncertainty and the poor oxygen-line modelling for 1352+0323. These caveats are not fatal, but they need to be reflected in the abstract and conclusions.

major comments (3)

[Abstract; §4.5; §4.6.1] The abstract and Conclusions count 0452−0214 and 1352+0323 as two water-rich planetesimals. However, §4.5 states that the O lines in 1352+0323 are 'weak and not satisfactorily modelled' and that its O abundance 'requires a deeper spectrum for confirmation and should for now be treated with some care'; §4.6.1 similarly cautions that the water-rich result for 1352+0323 'only holds for a reliably-measured O abundance, which may not be the case for this star.' The Bayesian water fraction for 1352+0323 (Fig. 14, p=0.999) is therefore built on an O measurement the authors themselves flag as unreliable. The abstract should either list only 0452−0214 as a secure water-rich candidate, or explicitly separate 1352+0323 as tentative. As written, the headline claim overstates the evidence.
[§4.7; Table 5; Eq. (1)] All parent-body inferences—accretion state, steady-state accretion rates, water fractions, oxygen budgets, and accreted masses in Tables 5–6 and Figs 9–14—depend on element-specific diffusion timescales from Koester (2009) Eq. 5. The authors acknowledge in §4.7 that diffusion models are not yet at consensus and that 'future refinements of the diffusion time scales could impact our conclusions.' This is a load-bearing assumption for the compositional classifications, not merely a peripheral caveat. I request a quantitative sensitivity test, e.g. recomputing the oxygen budgets and water-fraction posteriors with diffusion timescales varied coherently by ±0.2–0.5 dex, or with an alternative diffusion prescription. If that is not feasible, the abstract and conclusions should be tempered to state that the dry/wet and core-rich classifications are conditional on current diffusion models.
[§4.6.1; §4.6.2] There is an unresolved internal tension for 1333+3254: the oxygen-budget analysis (§4.6.1) indicates an O excess corresponding to roughly 25 per cent water, while the Bayesian analysis (§4.6.1) disfavours a wet model at about the 1-σ level, and §4.6.2 shows that the all-H-as-H2O assumption yields an unphysical total mass smaller than the measured CVZ mass. The authors propose speculative resolutions (Fe2O3, CO2, or a decreasing accretion phase). This does not affect the headline water-rich pair, but it is a cautionary example that the oxygen-budget method and the Bayesian method can diverge for an object with weak/ambiguous O and H constraints. The paper should explicitly state that the dry/wet classification for 1333+3254 is uncertain rather than presenting the O budget as a water detection without immediate qualification.

minor comments (4)

[Abstract vs Conclusions] The abstract says the two stars accrete 'something akin to a water-rich planetesimal,' while the Conclusions say the large O mass fractions 'may tentatively indicate' water-bearing parent bodies. These two formulations should be harmonised, especially given the 1352+0323 caveat.
[§3.1; Table 4] For stars with untraceable Si, Si is included in the models at CI-chondrite ratios relative to Mg but is not listed in Table 4. The text explains this, but the caption of Table 4 should state explicitly that the Si column does not include these fixed model inputs, to avoid readers interpreting the table as an upper limit or a detection.
[Data Availability] The statement 'No new data were generated for this study' is confusing, since the paper presents new DESI coadds and new X-shooter observations. Rephrase to indicate that no new data products beyond the published spectra and the Zenodo figure data are released, or clarify that the raw data are public from the archives.
[Throughout] Minor typographical and formatting issues: the journal header reads 'MNRAS000, 1–34 (20262026)'; several figure captions use 'overplot' instead of 'overplotted'; and Table 5 would benefit from a clearer separator between the four star blocks to avoid misreading the columns.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 1.0 of 10

No significant circularity; the abundance-to-composition chain rests on external benchmark models and direct spectral fits.

full rationale

The paper's central measurements are photospheric metal abundances obtained by fitting model atmospheres (Koester 2010 code) to DESI and X-shooter spectra in an iterative, custom-grid procedure. The agreement between the two independent datasets (weighted mean difference 0.007±0.007 dex, §4.2) is a genuine external cross-check. The conversion from photospheric abundances to parent-body compositions uses element-specific sinking timescales from Koester (2009) Eq. 5 and the Bayesian accretion-state/composition model of Swan et al. (2023); both are external published methods that do not contain the present target result and are not fitted to these stars. The water-rich inference for 0452−0214 is supported by well-reproduced O lines and by Bayesian model comparison, while the paper itself explicitly flags 1352+0323: 'the O lines in 1352+0323 are weak and not satisfactorily modelled' and its O abundance 'requires a deeper spectrum for confirmation and should for now be treated with some care' (§4.5). That is a data-quality caveat, not a circular step; it weakens the headline but does not make the derivation self-referential. The self-citations (Koester 2009; Swan et al. 2023; Williams et al. 2024; Manser et al. 2024a) are to external methods or systematic-uncertainty estimates, not to a result that presupposes the present conclusions. No equation or fitted parameter reduces to the output by construction, and no claimed 'prediction' is a renamed input.

Assumptions & free parameters 3 free parameters · 7 assumptions · 0 invented entities

No invented entities. Central results rest on adopted atmosphere physics (ML2/alpha=0.8), CI-chondrite initial abundance ratios, a Solar-System-like prior for the accretion model, Koester (2009) diffusion timescales, and two explicit assumptions in the water analysis (all H as H2O; O fully bound in the listed oxides). The authors disclose the fragile ones; they are nonetheless load-bearing for the water-rich and core-rich claims. Measured quantities (Teff, log g, elemental abundances) are the targets of the fit, not free parameters of a derivation.

free parameters (3)

H abundance for 2214+0923 = log(H/He) = -5.0 (fixed by hand)
Set to the grid boundary below which trace H is undetectable (§3.1, §3.2); chosen by hand, not fitted, and affects opacity and all abundances of the coolest, most metal-loaded star.
Si abundance for Si-undetected stars = CI-chondrite ratio relative to Mg
Si fixed to CI-chondrite Si/Mg for 0255+0237, 1336−0337, 0922+0103, 2214+0923 because Si lines vanish below ~7000-8000 K (§3.3); an inserted abundance, not a detection, and is in the models that produce Table 4.
Oxygen-budget scaling of undetected elements = Scaled to bulk-Earth Mg mass fraction
Elements not detected are included in the O budget scaled from bulk Earth (§4.6.1); the dry/wet classification and the O excess for the two water-rich candidates depend on this scaling.

assumptions (7)

domain assumption 1D mixing-length (ML2, alpha=0.8) convection treatment of white dwarf atmospheres
Adopted from Tremblay et al. (2013) / Cukanovaite et al. (2019) in §3.1; affects line profiles, Teff/log g, and hence abundances. Standard in the field but unverified here.
domain assumption Generic grid metals fixed to CI-chondrite relative abundances (Si-normalized)
All starting grids assume CI-chondrite ratios for included metals (§3.1); final custom grids use detected metals, but the Si scaling for four stars persists into the final models (§3.3).
domain assumption Accreted exoplanetary material is broadly similar to Solar System objects
Explicitly retained in §3.5: 'This procedure retains the underlying assumption that the exoplanetary material is broadly similar to Solar system objects.' This prior shapes the accretion-state and water-fraction posteriors.
domain assumption Box-model accretion: constant rate, abrupt switch-off, increasing/steady/decreasing states
Koester (2009) scenario used to convert photospheric abundances into parent-body compositions (§3.5); for the decreasing state the authors concede 'an unambiguous interpretation of the parent body composition is not possible.'
ad hoc to paper All photospheric H in the four water-candidate WDs was delivered as H2O in the currently accreted body
Assumption (1) in §4.6.2; it produces M_tot, f_H2O, and t_acc in Table 6 (water fractions 4.3-82.9%). The authors concede H could be primordial, from multiple episodes, or upwelled (Koester & Kepler 2015; Bedard 2024).
domain assumption Diffusion/sinking timescales of Koester (2009) Eq. 5 are correct
All accretion rates, masses, and steady-state inference use these timescales; §4.7 warns diffusion models 'have not yet reached a consensus' (Buchan et al. 2025), so future refinements could change conclusions.
ad hoc to paper Oxygen in the parent body is fully bound as MgO, SiO2, CaO, FeO, Al2O3, NiO, TiO2
Oxygen-budget prescription after Klein et al. (2010) in §4.6.1; the paper notes Fe could instead be metallic (core) or Fe2O3, which would change the O budget and the wet/dry classification.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of First planetesimals from DESI DR1: 12 highly metal-rich white dwarfs." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/L7VQG2BQ

@misc{pith2026260714251,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: First planetesimals from DESI DR1: 12 highly metal-rich white dwarfs},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/L7VQG2BQ}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2607.14251}
}

read the original abstract

Metal-enriched white dwarfs provide a unique insight into the composition of exoplanet interiors. These stars accrete the debris of disrupted planetary bodies, and hence, measuring the stellar parameters and photospheric abundances yields the bulk compositions of the parent bodies. At present, over 1750 debris-accreting white dwarfs are known, but just a few dozen are sufficiently enriched to allow a detailed abundance study. Here we report the analysis of 12 highly metal-enriched white dwarfs observed within the Data Release~1 of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). We characterised their stellar parameters and photospheric metal abundances and we identified between three and ten different elements in their optical spectra, including most of the rock-forming species: O, Mg, Si, Ca and Fe. We conclude that the accreted bodies broadly resemble compositions found within the inner Solar System such as primitive meteorites, processed material or planetary cores. Six of the systems allowed a more thorough analysis: four of the parent bodies are composed of dry rock-forming elements; and two of them of something akin to a water-rich planetesimal. Thus, this study establishes DESI as a potent survey for identifying metal-rich targets, yielding reliable compositions of accreted exoplanetary material.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2607.14251 by the authors.

**Figure 1.** DESI DR1 coadded spectra of the 12 metal-enriched white dwarfs analysed, with the main photospheric element displayed in brackets. He, H and metal absorption lines are marked with dashed, dot-dashed and dotted grey vertical lines, respectively. The grey vertical region between 4200 Å < 𝜆 < 4400 Å highlights where the spectrograph has calibration residuals (see e.g. Manser et al. 2024b), while the region around 𝜆 ≃ 5… view at source ↗

**Figure 2.** Bluest part of the continuum-normalised weighted average spectra of six metal-enriched white dwarfs obtained with X-shooter, with the main photospheric element given in brackets. Details of the observations can be found in Section 2.3 and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Normalised weighted average X-Shooter UVB-arm spectra of 2214+0923. Details of the observations can be found in Section 2.3 and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗

Figures from the paper (11 more)

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Flow chart of the iterative process used to measure the photospheric parameters of the white dwarfs. Parameters determined from a photometric (spectroscopic) fit are colour-coded in blue (red). Note the coloured arrows surrounding Stage 2 to mark an iterative stage in …

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Spectral energy distribution (SED) from archival photometry (black markers; Appendix A) with the best photometric fit overplotted (red circles). The white dwarf SEDs are ordered by decreasing effective temperature, from top left to bottom right. MNRAS 000, 1–34 (202620…

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: DESI optical coadded spectra (top three rows) and near-UV regions obtained with X-shooter (bottom four panels) of white dwarf 0850+3208. The data and best model (black and red, respectively) have been continuum-normalised by low-order polynomial fits to the regions dis…

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: Posterior distributions for the duration of the accretion episode for each star, expressed in terms of sinking timescales for Mg. The posterior probability of a given log 𝑡acc/𝜏Mg range is represented by the area under the curve between the range limits. The dotted ver…

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: Posterior distributions for the time since accretion ceased, expressed in terms of sinking timescales for Mg. The posterior probability of a given log 𝑡dec/𝜏Mg range is represented by the area under the curve between the range limits. The 𝑦-axis limits are restricted f…

**Figure 9.** Figure 9: Metal abundance ratios in the accreted parent bodies for the white dwarfs in our sample, along with some Solar System compositions. The circles represent the ratios assuming a steady-state accretion phase, the squares that of increasing phase abundances assuming accret…

**Figure 10.** Figure 10: Mass fractions for the six warmer white dwarfs, calculated using the accretion rates for the steady-state accretion phase. We compare these to mass fractions of the comet Halley (Jessberger et al. 1988), bulk Earth, core Earth, and CI chondrites (McDonough 2000; Lodde…

**Figure 11.** Figure 11: 0452−0214 DESI data, zoomed in on the oxygen lines. The best fit model is overplotted, with log(O/He)= −4.54. 4.6 Probing for water-rich material 4.6.1 Oxygen budget To investigate whether the accreted bodies might contain water, we calculated the O excess or deficit …

**Figure 12.** Figure 12: DESI and X-shooter data of 1352+0323 (top and bottom panel, respectively), zoomed in on the oxygen lines. The best fit models are overplot, with log(O/He)= −4.55 and log(O/He)= −4.65, respectively. combined with O in the parent body and were subsequently accreted in t…

**Figure 13.** Figure 13: The oxygen budgets for white dwarfs with detected O, assuming steady-state accretion phases. This is calculated by allocating O to the following oxides: MgO, SiO2, CaO, FeO, Al2O3, NiO, and TiO2. The error bar represents the uncertainty on the total O budget. Stars 04…

**Figure 14.** Figure 14: Posterior probability distributions normalised to their maxima for the fraction of water present in the material accreted by each star, assuming a water-rich model. The probability that a wet model is a better fit than a dry one is given for each star in the legend in…

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