Non-Locality and Ellipticity in a Gauge-Invariant Quantization

The quantum theory of a free particle in two dimensions with non-local boundary conditions on a circle is known to lead to surface and bulk states. Such a scheme is here generalized to the quantized Maxwell field, subject to mixed boundary conditions. If the Robin sector is modified by the addition of a pseudo-differential boundary operator, gauge-invariant boundary conditions are obtained at the price of dealing with gauge-field and ghost operators which become pseudo-differential. A good elliptic theory is then obtained if the kernel occurring in the boundary operator obeys certain summability conditions, and it leads to a peculiar form of the asymptotic expansion of the symbol. The cases of ghost operator of negative and positive order are studied within this framework.