General physical properties of bright Fermi blazars

(2) SISSA); A. Celotti (2) ((1) INAF-Brera Observ.; F. Tavecchio (1); G. Ghirlanda (1); G. Ghisellini (1); L. Foschini (1); L. Maraschi (1)

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General physical properties of bright Fermi blazars

G. Ghisellini (1), F. Tavecchio (1), L. Foschini (1), G. Ghirlanda (1), L. Maraschi (1), A. Celotti (2) ((1) INAF-Brera Observ., (2) SISSA)

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Submitted 4 Sep 2009

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim In these objects we argue that the jet must be proton-dominated, and that the total jet power is of the same order of (or slightly larger than) the disk luminosity.

how it is stated · hedged possibility 0.39 read the record →

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arXiv ID0909.0932 (version 2)

Pith IDILVUKLXB, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review

Citation(2) SISSA), A. Celotti (2) ((1) INAF-Brera Observ., F. Tavecchio (1), G. Ghirlanda (1), G. Ghisellini (1), L. Foschini (1), L. Maraschi (1). "General physical properties of bright Fermi blazars." arXiv:0909.0932 (2009). https://pith.science/paper/ILVUKLXB

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The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

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Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 6,235 input tokens, $0.0003 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.03 · states limitation 0.55 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.04 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.23 · compares with prior results 0.90 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v2. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

We studied all blazars of known redshift detected by the Fermi satellite during its first three months survey. For the majority of them, pointed Swift observations ensures a good multiwavelength coverage, enabling us to to reliably construct their spectral energy distributions (SED). We model the SEDs using a one-zone leptonic model and study the distributions of the derived interesting physical parameters as a function of the observed gamma-ray luminosity. We confirm previous findings concerning the relation of the physical parameters with source luminosity which are at the origin of the blazar sequence. The SEDs allow to estimate the luminosity of the accretion disk for the majority of broad emitting line blazars, while for the line-less BL Lac objects in the sample upper limits can be derived. We find a positive correlation between the jet power and the luminosity of the accretion disk in broad line blazars. In these objects we argue that the jet must be proton-dominated, and that the total jet power is of the same order of (or slightly larger than) the disk luminosity. We discuss two alternative scenarios to explain this result.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	We studied all blazars of known redshift detected by the Fermi satellite during its first three months survey.	contribution 0.53	0.96	0.02	asserted 0.97
s1	For the majority of them, pointed Swift observations ensures a good multiwavelength coverage, enabling us to to reliably construct their spectral energy distributions (SED).	method 0.99	0.79	0.02	asserted 0.98
s2	We model the SEDs using a one-zone leptonic model and study the distributions of the derived interesting physical parameters as a function of the observed gamma-ray luminosity.	method 0.98	0.96	0.06	asserted 0.95
s3	We confirm previous findings concerning the relation of the physical parameters with source luminosity which are at the origin of the blazar sequence.	result 0.95	0.55	0.21	asserted 1.00
s4	The SEDs allow to estimate the luminosity of the accretion disk for the majority of broad emitting line blazars, while for the line-less BL Lac objects in the sample upper limits can be derived.	result 0.71	0.92	0.06	asserted 0.92
s5	We find a positive correlation between the jet power and the luminosity of the accretion disk in broad line blazars.	result 1.00	0.95	0.31	asserted 1.00
s6	In these objects we argue that the jet must be proton-dominated, and that the total jet power is of the same order of (or slightly larger than) the disk luminosity.	interpretation 0.99	0.70	0.31	hedged possibility 0.39
s7	We discuss two alternative scenarios to explain this result.	interpretation 0.78	0.64	0.03	unclear 0.91

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: empirical study 1.00 · evidence from analysis of existing data 0.91.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read

arXiv listing abstract v2

not examined

full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
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S sections
T body sentences
C citations
R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper

Original abstract

We studied all blazars of known redshift detected by the Fermi satellite during its first three months survey. For the majority of them, pointed Swift observations ensures a good multiwavelength coverage, enabling us to to reliably construct their spectral energy distributions (SED). We model the SEDs using a one-zone leptonic model and study the distributions of the derived interesting physical parameters as a function of the observed gamma-ray luminosity. We confirm previous findings concerning the relation of the physical parameters with source luminosity which are at the origin of the blazar sequence. The SEDs allow to estimate the luminosity of the accretion disk for the majority of broad emitting line blazars, while for the line-less BL Lac objects in the sample upper limits can be derived. We find a positive correlation between the jet power and the luminosity of the accretion disk in broad line blazars. In these objects we argue that the jet must be proton-dominated, and that the total jet power is of the same order of (or slightly larger than) the disk luminosity. We discuss two alternative scenarios to explain this result.

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References

Forward citations

Cited by 5 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

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How later papers used it

104 later papers cite it

Evidence: substantial. 98 of the citing papers share no author with it, and 25 of those carry a confident label from Pith's citation classifier.

Pith read 20 of the 153 citing sentences, choosing only those whose citation markers point at this paper alone, and wrote the paraphrases from them. The summary, the counts, the evidence level, the links and the quotes come from code; the summary counts the papers listed below. A later paper is listed under a label when Pith's citation classifier gives one of its sentences that label at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), Pith's reading finds that the citing paper itself did it, and a second check confirms the paraphrase against the sentence. This section lists uses only. It does not list criticism or disagreement, so their absence here says nothing about how the paper has been received. Papers that share an author with this one are listed apart, under "By the same authors". A quote is the citing authors' own sentence, shown when their paper's licence is CC BY, CC BY-SA or CC0. JSON

9 later papers by other authors are listed below: 6 used its method or tool and 3 used its data or values.

Uses its method or tool 6 of 8 papers with this label

The jet power ($P_jet$) carried by relativistic electrons ($P_e$), cold protons ($P_p, cold$), and magnetic field ($P_B$) is estimated via [equation] where the $U_i$ is the energy density of the relativistic electrons ($U_e$), cold protons ($U_p, cold$), and magnetic field ($U_B$), respectively, in the co-moving frame [ref] .

Revisiting the flaring activity in early 2015 of BL Lacertae object S5 0716+714 (2024) · Leptonic scenario · 0.90
Using accretion disk luminosity $L_d$', BLR distance ($R_BLR$) and dusty torus distance ($R_DT$) from central engine were calculated by applying scaling relations derived from reverberation mapping technique [ref] .

Multiwavelength Study of the Quiescent States of Six Brightest Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars detected by Fermi-LAT (2021) · The SED model · 0.99
The distance of BLR ($R_BLR$) and dusty torus region ($R_DT$) from the central engine are estimated using reverberation mapping technique [ref] and given by,

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In modeling, accelerated relativistic electrons are assumed to be injected into the dissipation region with a broken power-law distribution at a constant rate [ref] , i.e., [equation] where $γ$ is the electron Lorentz factor, $γ_min$, $γ_b$ and $γ_max$ are the minimum, break and maximum electron Lorentz factors, respectively, $p_1$ and $p_2$ are the spectral indices before and after $γ_b$, and $Q_0$ is a normalization constant in units of $s^-1 cm^-3$.

The physical properties of $\gamma$-ray quiet flat-spectrum radio quasars: why are they undetected by $Fermi$-LAT? (2021) · Model Description · 0.84
Considered one proton per electron to derive the jet power of cold protons.

Multiwavelength study of radio galaxy Pictor A: detection of western hotspot in far-UV and possible origin of high energy emissions (2023) · 0.85 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
In this work, relativistic electrons are assumed to be injected into the emitting region with a broken power-law distribution at a constant rate [ref] , i.e., [equation] where $γ$ is the electron Lorentz factor, $γ_min$ and $γ_max$ are the minimum and maximum electron Lorentz factors, respectively, $p_1$ and $p_2$ are the spectral indices below and above $γ_b$, respectively, $Q_0$ is a normalization constant in units of $s^-1 cm^-3$, which can be obtained from $∫Q(γ)γm_ec^2dγ=3L_e,inj/4πR^3$, where $L_e,inj$ is the electron injection luminosity.

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Uses its data or values 3 of 11 papers with this label

We use the luminosity of low-frequency radio emission from [ref] , electron kinetic power obtained from [ref] , and the maximum value of the superluminal speed of the VLBA knots from the MOJAVE data archive [ref] as various measures of jet power.

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Kept all other jet parameters equal to the mean FSRQ parameters of this paper.

The relativistic jet of the $\gamma$-ray emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy PKS J1222$+$0413 (2019) · 0.82 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
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On the origin of gamma rays in Fermi blazars: beyond the broad line region (2018) · 0.97 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting

How the literature uses it

11 arXiv papers cite this in 13 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 9 sentences without a confident label

Uses its data or values 2 papers

We use the BH mass and the Eddington ratio (defined here as $L_bol/L_Edd$, where $L_bol$ is the bolometric luminosity of the source and $L_Edd$ is its Eddington luminosity) provided in [ref] , to calculate the bolometric luminosity of the source, assumed to be isotropically emitted.

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In Ref. [ref] , the authors estimated $L_p,bol$ to be of the same order, or slightly higher, than $L_γ,bol$ for BL Lac objects, while being one or two orders of magnitude greater than $L_γ,bol$ for FSRQs.

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Cites it as background 2 papers

The standard explanation is inverse-Compton emission by non-thermal electrons (leptonic scenario) [ref] , but lepto-hadronic scenarios have also been exploited to explain BL Lacertae objects (BL Lacs) [ref] , quasar-hosted galaxies (QHBs) including flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) [ref] , Fanaroff-Riley I (FR I) and Fanaroff-Riley II (FR II) radio galaxies [ref] .

Active Galactic Nuclei as High-Energy Neutrino Sources · Introduction · 0.80
Different SED models agree that the low-energy peak is due to the synchrotron emission of electrons [ref] , suggesting that the electron component of the blazar jets is essential (see, e.g., [ref] for a recent SED model review).

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