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Evidence for the Appearance of Atmospheric Tau Neutrinos in Super-Kamiokande
High Energy Physics - Experiment · Submitted 1 Jun 2012
abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review
The authors' main claim Relative to the expectation of unity, the tau normalization is found to be $1.42 \pm 0.35 \ (stat) {\}^{+0.14}_{-0.12}\ (syst) $ excluding the no-tau-appearance hypothesis, for which the normalization would be zero, at the 3.8$\sigma$ level.
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The abstract, sentence by sentence
Super-Kamiokande atmospheric neutrino data were fit with an unbinned maximum likelihood method to search for the appearance of tau leptons resulting from the interactions of oscillation-generated tau neutrinos in the detector. Relative to the expectation of unity, the tau normalization is found to be $1.42 \pm 0.35 \ (stat) {\}^{+0.14}_{-0.12}\ (syst) $ excluding the no-tau-appearance hypothesis, for which the normalization would be zero, at the 3.8$\sigma$ level. We estimate that $180.1 \pm 44.3\ (stat) {\}^{+17.8}_{-15.2}\ (syst)$ tau leptons were produced in the 22.5 kton fiducial volume of the detector by tau neutrinos during the 2806 day running period. In future analyses, this large sample of selected tau events will allow the study of charged current tau neutrino interaction physics with oscillation produced tau neutrinos.
background contribution method result interpretation main claim
| # | sentence | role | the authors' own work | states the main conclusion | strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s0 | Super-Kamiokande atmospheric neutrino data were fit with an unbinned maximum likelihood method to search for the appearance of tau leptons resulting from the interactions of oscillation-generated tau neutrinos in the detector. | method 0.91 | 0.94 | 0.05 | asserted 0.66 |
| s1 | Relative to the expectation of unity, the tau normalization is found to be $1.42 \pm 0.35 \ (stat) {\}^{+0.14}_{-0.12}\ (syst) $ excluding the no-tau-appearance hypothesis, for which the normalization would be zero, at the 3.8$\sigma$ level. | result 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.85 | asserted 1.00 |
| s2 | We estimate that $180.1 \pm 44.3\ (stat) {\}^{+17.8}_{-15.2}\ (syst)$ tau leptons were produced in the 22.5 kton fiducial volume of the detector by tau neutrinos during the 2806 day running period. | result 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.14 | asserted 0.97 |
| s3 | In future analyses, this large sample of selected tau events will allow the study of charged current tau neutrino interaction physics with oscillation produced tau neutrinos. | future work 1.00 | 0.09 | 0.03 | hedged possibility 0.86 |
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The paper
Original abstract
Super-Kamiokande atmospheric neutrino data were fit with an unbinned maximum likelihood method to search for the appearance of tau leptons resulting from the interactions of oscillation-generated tau neutrinos in the detector. Relative to the expectation of unity, the tau normalization is found to be $1.42 \pm 0.35 \ (stat) {\}^{+0.14}_{-0.12}\ (syst) $ excluding the no-tau-appearance hypothesis, for which the normalization would be zero, at the 3.8$\sigma$ level. We estimate that $180.1 \pm 44.3\ (stat) {\}^{+17.8}_{-15.2}\ (syst)$ tau leptons were produced in the 22.5 kton fiducial volume of the detector by tau neutrinos during the 2806 day running period. In future analyses, this large sample of selected tau events will allow the study of charged current tau neutrino interaction physics with oscillation produced tau neutrinos.
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References
How the literature uses it
22 arXiv papers cite this in 30 sentences
Papers citing it · 20 sentences without a confident label
Uses its method or tool 1 paper
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It is implemented in the ROOT-based TMVA [ref] library, and was also used in our previously published $ν_τ$ search [ref] .
A Measurement of the Tau Neutrino Cross Section in Atmospheric Neutrino Oscillations with Super-Kamiokande · A neural network algorithm for tau neutrino search · 1.00
Uses its data or values 4 papers
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Since the uncertainties in oscillation parameters can also change the measured results and significance, $sin^2 2θ_23$ and $Δm_32^2$ are also varied within the 1$σ$ limits of Super-K atmospheric neutrino oscillation analysis result [ref] .
A Measurement of the Tau Neutrino Cross Section in Atmospheric Neutrino Oscillations with Super-Kamiokande · Search for atmospheric tau neutrino appearance · 0.99
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The number of tau-neutrino events in the SM is found to be $N_SM=30.66±3.37$ using the PDG cross section value for the 22.5 kton fiducial volume of the Super-K detector [ref] during the 2806 day running period.
Tau neutrino as a probe of nonstandard interaction · Deep inelastic tau neutrino scattering · 0.99
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The relatively high mass of the $τ$ lepton greatly reduces the interaction rate of $$ at low energies: current measurements of $$ appearance rates are based on data sets including 180 and 5 $$ events in Super-K [ref] and OPERAs [ref] , respectively.
PINGU: A Vision for Neutrino and Particle Physics at the South Pole · Unitarity of the Neutrino Mixing Matrix · 0.97
Cites it as background 4 papers
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The flavor oscillations of massive neutrinos have been well established by a wide range of experiments looking at the disappearance of neutrinos produced in the atmosphere [ref] , in the Sun [ref] , in nuclear reactors [ref] , and at particle accelerators [ref] where recently the appearance of electron and tau neutrinos were observed in primarily muon neutrino samples [ref] .
Limits on sterile neutrino mixing using atmospheric neutrinos in Super-Kamiokande · Introduction · 0.96
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Super-Kamiokande (Super-K) [ref] and OPERA [ref] that seek to measure $ν_μ →ν_τ$ oscillation by the observation of the $τ$ lepton .
Nonstandard interactions of tau neutrino via charged Higgs and $W'$ contribution · Introduction · 0.88
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The huge range of energies and baselines provided by the atmospheric neutrinos opens up the possibility of exploring many different and exciting physics topics, from the measurement of neutrino mixing parameters [ref] to more exotic ones [ref] .
Exploring the Earth matter effect with atmospheric neutrinos in ice · Atmospheric neutrino flux · 0.86
What it cites · 19 sentences without a confident label
Uses the method or tool of 6 papers
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The interactions of the , , and oscillation-produced s with the nuclei of water molecules inside the detector are modeled with the NEUT [ref] neutrino interaction code.
A Measurement of Atmospheric Neutrino Oscillation Parameters by Super-Kamiokande I · Introduction · 0.96
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In the calculation of the cross sections of DIS, the GRV94 [ref] parton distribution functions are used, and additional corrections to make the DIS cross sections match smoothly with the resonance region as developed by Bodek and Yang are also applied [ref] .
Modeling Deep Inelastic Cross Sections in the Few GeV Region · Introduction · 0.88
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Since the distribution of decay particles depends on the polarization of the tau lepton, a polarization model from [ref] is incorporated into NEUT.
Tau Polarization in Tau-Neutrino Nucleon Scattering · Introduction · 1.00
Uses data or values from 6 papers
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Three-dimensional neutrino fluxes for and produced in atmospheric showers are taken from the flux calculation of Honda et al. [ref] .
A New calculation of the atmospheric neutrino flux in a 3-dimensional scheme · Introduction · 0.98
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The Super-K best fit value of from [ref] was used in order to make use of the full set of systematic errors which were previously evaluated around this point.
Atmospheric neutrino oscillation analysis with sub-leading effects in Super-Kamiokande I, II, and III · Introduction · 1.00
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The Super-K best fit value of from [ref] was used in order to make use of the full set of systematic errors which were previously evaluated around this point.
Search for Differences in Oscillation Parameters for Atmospheric Neutrinos and Antineutrinos at Super-Kamiokande · Introduction · 1.00
Compares with 1 paper
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Although the technique employed here is more sophisticated than that of [ref] , it is also more sensitive to some systematic errors since large numbers of background events remain in the nonsignal regions of the fitting space which were previously removed by cuts.
A Measurement of Atmospheric Neutrino Flux Consistent with Tau Neutrino Appearance · Introduction · 0.86
Cites as background 9 papers
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The Super-Kamiokande (Super-K) Collaboration first published a search for tau appearance in atmospheric neutrinos in 2006 [ref] .
A Measurement of Atmospheric Neutrino Flux Consistent with Tau Neutrino Appearance · Introduction · 0.88
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A more detailed description of them can be found in [ref] .
Atmospheric neutrino oscillation analysis with sub-leading effects in Super-Kamiokande I, II, and III · Introduction · 0.91
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In 2012 the Daya Bay [ref] and RENO [ref] experiments reported the first precision measurements of the $θ_13$ mixing angle which drives three-flavor oscillation.
Observation of electron-antineutrino disappearance at Daya Bay · Introduction · 0.87
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