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The duty cycle of radio-mode feedback in complete samples of clusters

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L. Bîrzan, D. A. Rafferty, P. E. J. Nulsen, B. R. McNamara, H. J. A. Röttgering, M. W. Wise, R. Mittal

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Submitted 26 Oct 2012

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim Therefore, our results imply that the duty cycle of AGN outbursts with the potential to heat the gas significantly in cooling flow clusters is at least 60 per cent and could approach 100 per cent.

how it is stated · hedged possibility 0.89 read the record →

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arXiv ID1210.7100 (version 1)
Pith IDENECRN3Z, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review
CitationB. R. McNamara, D. A. Rafferty, H. J. A. R\"ottgering, L. B\^irzan, M. W. Wise, P. E. J. Nulsen, R. Mittal. "The duty cycle of radio-mode feedback in complete samples of clusters." arXiv:1210.7100 (2012). https://pith.science/paper/ENECRN3Z
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The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

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Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 8,309 input tokens, $0.0003 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.03 · states limitation 0.97 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.31 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.99 · compares with prior results 0.16 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v1. Results and the main claim are underlined; .

The Chandra X-ray Observatory has revealed X-ray bubbles in the intracluster medium (ICM) of many nearby cooling flow clusters. The bubbles trace feedback that is thought to couple the central active galactic nucleus (AGN) to the ICM, helping to stabilize cooling flows and govern the evolution of massive galaxies. However, the prevalence and duty cycle of such AGN outbursts is not well understood. To this end, we study how cooling is balanced by bubble heating for complete samples of clusters (the Brightest 55 clusters of galaxies, hereafter B55, and the HIghest X-ray FLUx Galaxy Cluster Sample, HIFLUGCS). We find that the radio luminosity of the central galaxy only exceeds 2.5 x 10^30 erg s^-1 Hz^-1 in cooling flow clusters. This result implies a connection between the central radio source and the ICM, as expected if AGN feedback is operating. Additionally, we find a duty cycle for radio mode feedback, the fraction of time that a system possesses bubbles inflated by its central radio source, of > 69 per cent for B55 and > 63 per cent for HIFLUGCS. These duty cycles are lower limits since some bubbles are likely missed in existing images. We used simulations to constrain the bubble power that might be present and remain undetected in the cooling flow systems without detected bubbles. Among theses systems, almost all could have significant bubble power. Therefore, our results imply that the duty cycle of AGN outbursts with the potential to heat the gas significantly in cooling flow clusters is at least 60 per cent and could approach 100 per cent.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#sentencerolethe authors' own workstates the main conclusionstrength
s0 The Chandra X-ray Observatory has revealed X-ray bubbles in the intracluster medium (ICM) of many nearby cooling flow clusters. background 1.00 0.18 0.02 asserted 1.00
s1 The bubbles trace feedback that is thought to couple the central active galactic nucleus (AGN) to the ICM, helping to stabilize cooling flows and govern the evolution of massive galaxies. background 0.95 0.05 0.03 hedged possibility 0.87
s2 However, the prevalence and duty cycle of such AGN outbursts is not well understood. gap 1.00 0.04 0.02 asserted 0.94
s3 To this end, we study how cooling is balanced by bubble heating for complete samples of clusters (the Brightest 55 clusters of galaxies, hereafter B55, and the HIghest X-ray FLUx Galaxy Cluster Sample, HIFLUGCS). contribution 0.88 0.61 0.03 unclear 0.58
s4 We find that the radio luminosity of the central galaxy only exceeds 2.5 x 10^30 erg s^-1 Hz^-1 in cooling flow clusters. result 1.00 0.94 0.06 asserted 1.00
s5 This result implies a connection between the central radio source and the ICM, as expected if AGN feedback is operating. interpretation 1.00 0.37 0.07 hedged possibility 0.63
s6 Additionally, we find a duty cycle for radio mode feedback, the fraction of time that a system possesses bubbles inflated by its central radio source, of > 69 per cent for B55 and > 63 per cent for HIFLUGCS. result 1.00 0.98 0.47 asserted 1.00
s7 These duty cycles are lower limits since some bubbles are likely missed in existing images. limitation 1.00 0.70 0.05 asserted 0.59
s8 We used simulations to constrain the bubble power that might be present and remain undetected in the cooling flow systems without detected bubbles. method 0.98 0.94 0.03 asserted 0.67
s9 Among theses systems, almost all could have significant bubble power. result 0.92 0.85 0.07 asserted 0.61
s10 Therefore, our results imply that the duty cycle of AGN outbursts with the potential to heat the gas significantly in cooling flow clusters is at least 60 per cent and could approach 100 per cent. interpretation 0.95 0.88 0.79 hedged possibility 0.89

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: empirical study 1.00 · evidence from analysis of existing data 0.98.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read
  • arXiv listing abstract v1
not examined
  • full text
  • figures and tables
  • references and citing sentences
  • relations to other papers
levels run
  • P abstract
not run
  • S sections
  • T body sentences
  • C citations
  • R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper
Original abstract

The Chandra X-ray Observatory has revealed X-ray bubbles in the intracluster medium (ICM) of many nearby cooling flow clusters. The bubbles trace feedback that is thought to couple the central active galactic nucleus (AGN) to the ICM, helping to stabilize cooling flows and govern the evolution of massive galaxies. However, the prevalence and duty cycle of such AGN outbursts is not well understood. To this end, we study how cooling is balanced by bubble heating for complete samples of clusters (the Brightest 55 clusters of galaxies, hereafter B55, and the HIghest X-ray FLUx Galaxy Cluster Sample, HIFLUGCS). We find that the radio luminosity of the central galaxy only exceeds 2.5 x 10^30 erg s^-1 Hz^-1 in cooling flow clusters. This result implies a connection between the central radio source and the ICM, as expected if AGN feedback is operating. Additionally, we find a duty cycle for radio mode feedback, the fraction of time that a system possesses bubbles inflated by its central radio source, of > 69 per cent for B55 and > 63 per cent for HIFLUGCS. These duty cycles are lower limits since some bubbles are likely missed in existing images. We used simulations to constrain the bubble power that might be present and remain undetected in the cooling flow systems without detected bubbles. Among theses systems, almost all could have significant bubble power. Therefore, our results imply that the duty cycle of AGN outbursts with the potential to heat the gas significantly in cooling flow clusters is at least 60 per cent and could approach 100 per cent.

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References
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4 arXiv papers cite this in 5 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers whose main result relates to this one's

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Papers citing it · 4 sentences without a confident label

Cites it as support 1 paper
  • This is motivated by the prevalence of X-ray cavities or bubbles, which are low-density, X-ray dim regions filled with radio-emitting plasma injected by the SMBH jets, in CC clusters [ref] , as well as in many galaxy groups [ref] , which themselves represent a significant fraction of local radio galaxy hosts [ref] .

    Recent Progress in Modeling the Macro- and Micro-Physics of Radio Jet Feedback in Galaxy Clusters · Jet Feedback in Galaxy Clusters: Observations and Theoretical Motivation · 0.99

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