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HERMES: a Monte Carlo Code for the Propagation of Ultra-High Energy Nuclei
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Submitted 16 Jul 2013
abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review
The authors' main claim In this work, we present the novel Monte Carlo code (HERMES) simulating the propagation of UHE nuclei, in the energy range between $10^{16}$ and $10^{22}$ eV, accounting for propagation in the intervening extragalactic and Galactic magnetic fields and nuclear interactions with relic photons of the extragalactic background radiation.
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The abstract, sentence by sentence
Although the recent experimental efforts to improve the observation of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) above $10^{18}$ eV, the origin and the composition of such particles is still unknown. In this work, we present the novel Monte Carlo code (HERMES) simulating the propagation of UHE nuclei, in the energy range between $10^{16}$ and $10^{22}$ eV, accounting for propagation in the intervening extragalactic and Galactic magnetic fields and nuclear interactions with relic photons of the extragalactic background radiation. In order to show the potential applications of HERMES for astroparticle studies, we estimate the expected flux of UHE nuclei in different astrophysical scenarios, the GZK horizons and we show the expected arrival direction distributions in the presence of turbulent extragalactic magnetic fields. A stable version of HERMES will be released in the next future for public use together with libraries of already propagated nuclei to allow the community to perform mass composition and energy spectrum analysis with our simulator.
background contribution method result interpretation main claim
| # | sentence | role | the authors' own work | states the main conclusion | strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s0 | Although the recent experimental efforts to improve the observation of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) above $10^{18}$ eV, the origin and the composition of such particles is still unknown. | background 0.64 | 0.04 | 0.03 | asserted 1.00 |
| s1 | In this work, we present the novel Monte Carlo code (HERMES) simulating the propagation of UHE nuclei, in the energy range between $10^{16}$ and $10^{22}$ eV, accounting for propagation in the intervening extragalactic and Galactic magnetic fields and nuclear interactions with relic photons of the extragalactic background radiation. | contribution 0.82 | 0.94 | 0.23 | asserted 1.00 |
| s2 | In order to show the potential applications of HERMES for astroparticle studies, we estimate the expected flux of UHE nuclei in different astrophysical scenarios, the GZK horizons and we show the expected arrival direction distributions in the presence of turbulent extragalactic magnetic fields. | result 0.57 | 0.93 | 0.18 | asserted 0.97 |
| s3 | A stable version of HERMES will be released in the next future for public use together with libraries of already propagated nuclei to allow the community to perform mass composition and energy spectrum analysis with our simulator. | future work 1.00 | 0.32 | 0.08 | asserted 0.80 |
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The paper
Original abstract
Although the recent experimental efforts to improve the observation of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) above $10^{18}$ eV, the origin and the composition of such particles is still unknown. In this work, we present the novel Monte Carlo code (HERMES) simulating the propagation of UHE nuclei, in the energy range between $10^{16}$ and $10^{22}$ eV, accounting for propagation in the intervening extragalactic and Galactic magnetic fields and nuclear interactions with relic photons of the extragalactic background radiation. In order to show the potential applications of HERMES for astroparticle studies, we estimate the expected flux of UHE nuclei in different astrophysical scenarios, the GZK horizons and we show the expected arrival direction distributions in the presence of turbulent extragalactic magnetic fields. A stable version of HERMES will be released in the next future for public use together with libraries of already propagated nuclei to allow the community to perform mass composition and energy spectrum analysis with our simulator.
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What this paper does with the arXiv papers it cites
Papers whose main result relates to this one's
States the same result 1 paper
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In this paper, we present HERMES, the \emph{ad hoc} Monte Carlo code we have developed for the realistic simulation of UHECR propagation.
HERMES: Simulating the Propagation of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays · 0.95
What it cites · 5 sentences without a confident label
Uses the method or tool of 4 papers
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The semi-analytical “model D” proposed by Finke et al [ref] , modeling the star formation rate introduced by Hopkins and Beacom [ref] is adopted for cosmic infrared/optical background (CIOB).
Modeling the Extragalactic Background Light from Stars and Dust · Simulating UHECR propagation with HERMES · 0.93
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The semi-analytical “model D” proposed by Finke et al [ref] , modeling the star formation rate introduced by Hopkins and Beacom [ref] is adopted for cosmic infrared/optical background (CIOB).
On the normalisation of the cosmic star formation history · Simulating UHECR propagation with HERMES · 0.93
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The model proposed in [ref] is adopted for the universal radio background (URB) and its evolution.
A new estimate of the extragalactic radio background and implications for ultra-high-energy gamma-ray propagation · Simulating UHECR propagation with HERMES · 0.89
Uses data or values from 2 papers
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Moreover, we consider the case of absence of isotropic contamination and the case where simulation are contaminated with 56% isotropic events, according to recent measurements of the Pierre Auger Collaboration [ref] .
Update on the correlation of the highest energy cosmic rays with nearby extragalactic matter · Applications at ultra-high energies · 0.99
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The resulting skymaps of simulated events, as they would be observed by accounting for the non-uniform exposure of the Pierre Auger Observatory, are shown in Fig. [ref] and Fig. [ref], for candidate sources of UHECR from 2MASS Redshift Survey [ref] with magnitude ranging from -27.5 to -9.8, and in Fig. [ref] and Fig. [ref] for active galactic nuclei from SWIFT-BAT 58months [ref] .
The 2MASS Redshift Survey - Description and Data Release · Applications at ultra-high energies · 0.90
Compares with 1 paper
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The resulting interaction length, in the cases of both proton and iron, are in perfect agreement with recent literature, e.g. [ref] , with small differences related to the different CIOB adopted.
On the ultra-high energy cosmic ray horizon · Simulating UHECR propagation with HERMES · 0.99
Cites as background 2 papers
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Several models have been proposed for the acceleration of UHECR (see [ref] and Ref. therein for a review) and it is generally accepted that the candidate sources are extragalactic and trace the distribution of luminous matter on large scales [ref] .
The Signature of a Correlation between $>10^{19}{\rm eV}$ Cosmic Ray Sources and Large Scale Structure · Introduction · 0.96
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Several models have been proposed for the acceleration of UHECR (see [ref] and Ref. therein for a review) and it is generally accepted that the candidate sources are extragalactic and trace the distribution of luminous matter on large scales [ref] .
Origin and Propagation of Extremely High Energy Cosmic Rays · Introduction · 0.96
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