The characteristic black hole mass resulting from direct collapse in the early universe

D.R.G. Schleicher; J.C. Niemeyer; M.A. Latif; W. Schmidt

RECORD

The characteristic black hole mass resulting from direct collapse in the early universe

M.A. Latif, D.R.G. Schleicher, W. Schmidt, J.C. Niemeyer

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Submitted 4 Sep 2013

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim Our results show that the direct collapse model is clearly feasible as it provides the expected mass of the seed black holes.

how it is stated · asserted 1.00 read the record →

Comment (0) Read on arXiv ↗

Cite ▾

arXiv ID1309.1097 (version 2)

Pith IDL5NB6LHP, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review

CitationD.R.G. Schleicher, J.C. Niemeyer, M.A. Latif, W. Schmidt. "The characteristic black hole mass resulting from direct collapse in the early universe." arXiv:1309.1097 (2013). https://pith.science/paper/L5NB6LHP

Claim paper

The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

Open the compiled record

Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 7,609 input tokens, $0.0003 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.03 · states limitation 0.72 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.72 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.98 · compares with prior results 0.95 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v2. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

Black holes of a billion solar masses are observed in the infant universe a few hundred million years after the Big Bang. The direct collapse of protogalactic gas clouds in primordial halos with $\rm T_{vir} \geq 10^{4} K$ provides the most promising way to assemble massive black holes. In this study, we aim to determine the characteristic mass scale of seed black holes and the time evolution of the accretion rates resulting from the direct collapse model. We explore the formation of supermassive black holes via cosmological large eddy simulations (LES) by employing sink particles and following their evolution for twenty thousand years after the formation of the first sink. As the resulting protostars were shown to have cool atmospheres in the presence of strong accretion, we assume here that UV feedback is negligible during this calculation. We confirm this result in a comparison run without sinks. Our findings show that black hole seeds with characteristic mass of $\rm 10^{5} M_{\odot}$ are formed in the presence of strong Lyman Werner flux which leads to an isothermal collapse. The characteristic mass is a about two times higher in LES compared to the implicit large eddy simulations (ILES). The accretion rates increase with time and reach a maximum value of 10 $\rm M_{\odot}/yr$ after $\rm 10^{4}$ years. Our results show that the direct collapse model is clearly feasible as it provides the expected mass of the seed black holes.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	Black holes of a billion solar masses are observed in the infant universe a few hundred million years after the Big Bang.	background 1.00	0.08	0.03	asserted 1.00
s1	The direct collapse of protogalactic gas clouds in primordial halos with $\rm T_{vir} \geq 10^{4} K$ provides the most promising way to assemble massive black holes.	background 0.99	0.07	0.05	asserted 0.52
s2	In this study, we aim to determine the characteristic mass scale of seed black holes and the time evolution of the accretion rates resulting from the direct collapse model.	contribution 0.97	0.46	0.04	unclear 0.63
s3	We explore the formation of supermassive black holes via cosmological large eddy simulations (LES) by employing sink particles and following their evolution for twenty thousand years after the formation of the first sink.	method 0.98	0.94	0.04	asserted 0.88
s4	As the resulting protostars were shown to have cool atmospheres in the presence of strong accretion, we assume here that UV feedback is negligible during this calculation.	method 0.70	0.37	0.02	asserted 0.98
s5	We confirm this result in a comparison run without sinks.	method 0.65	0.89	0.03	asserted 1.00
s6	Our findings show that black hole seeds with characteristic mass of $\rm 10^{5} M_{\odot}$ are formed in the presence of strong Lyman Werner flux which leads to an isothermal collapse.	result 1.00	0.91	0.66	asserted 1.00
s7	The characteristic mass is a about two times higher in LES compared to the implicit large eddy simulations (ILES).	result 1.00	0.86	0.10	asserted 1.00
s8	The accretion rates increase with time and reach a maximum value of 10 $\rm M_{\odot}/yr$ after $\rm 10^{4}$ years.	result 1.00	0.93	0.09	asserted 1.00
s9	Our results show that the direct collapse model is clearly feasible as it provides the expected mass of the seed black holes.	interpretation 0.97	0.87	0.78	asserted 1.00

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: simulation study 1.00 · evidence from simulation or computation 1.00.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read

arXiv listing abstract v2

not examined

full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
relations to other papers

levels run

P abstract

not run

S sections
T body sentences
C citations
R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper

Original abstract

Black holes of a billion solar masses are observed in the infant universe a few hundred million years after the Big Bang. The direct collapse of protogalactic gas clouds in primordial halos with $\rm T_{vir} \geq 10^{4} K$ provides the most promising way to assemble massive black holes. In this study, we aim to determine the characteristic mass scale of seed black holes and the time evolution of the accretion rates resulting from the direct collapse model. We explore the formation of supermassive black holes via cosmological large eddy simulations (LES) by employing sink particles and following their evolution for twenty thousand years after the formation of the first sink. As the resulting protostars were shown to have cool atmospheres in the presence of strong accretion, we assume here that UV feedback is negligible during this calculation. We confirm this result in a comparison run without sinks. Our findings show that black hole seeds with characteristic mass of $\rm 10^{5} M_{\odot}$ are formed in the presence of strong Lyman Werner flux which leads to an isothermal collapse. The characteristic mass is a about two times higher in LES compared to the implicit large eddy simulations (ILES). The accretion rates increase with time and reach a maximum value of 10 $\rm M_{\odot}/yr$ after $\rm 10^{4}$ years. Our results show that the direct collapse model is clearly feasible as it provides the expected mass of the seed black holes.

Human review

How Pith checks papers → · Full audit of this paper →

References

Forward citations

Cited by 9 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

The STARfall pathway: forging intermediate-mass black holes through stellar collisions in dense star clusters
astro-ph.GA 2026-11 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Semi-analytic simulations show that stellar collisions in ultradense star clusters can form very massive stars that collapse into intermediate-mass black holes of 1,000-10,000 solar masses.
Exploring the observed properties of JWST Little Red Dots with cosmological simulations and dust radiative transfer
astro-ph.GA 2026-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Post-processing a standard AGN-host galaxy simulation with dust radiative transfer reproduces the key JWST Little Red Dot properties, indicating these sources may be ordinary AGN hosts viewed through a particular dust...
SHELLQs. Black Hole Mass and Eddington Ratio Distributions of Intermediate-Luminosity Quasars at 6<z<7
astro-ph.GA 2026-09 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

Intermediate-luminosity quasars at z~6-7 have systematically lower black hole masses and higher Eddington ratios than luminosity-matched quasars at z~1.3, with a significant super-Eddington fraction.
Quantifying collision-driven mass loss in supermassive star formation: the role of stellar structure and accretion
astro-ph.GA 2026-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Collision-driven mass loss during supermassive star formation ranges from ~10% to >40% depending on the assumed internal stellar structure, with significant implications for black hole seed growth.
Abundant Heavy Black Hole Seeds from Moderate Lyman-Werner Radiation
astro-ph.GA 2026-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Halos exposed to Lyman-Werner backgrounds of J21 >= 10 show gas inflow rates capable of forming supermassive stars, and intermediate backgrounds (1 <= J21 < 10) are common enough to make heavy black hole seeds abundan...

Show 4 more citing papers

Ultraviolet diversity of Little Red Dots as a probe for direct-collapse black hole ages
astro-ph.GA 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

Cosmological hydrodynamical simulations predict that UV diversity in Little Red Dots encodes direct-collapse black hole ages via a rapid transition from BH- to stellar-dominated emission after ~30 Myr.
The X-ray-to-UV relation does not evolve in homogeneous quasar samples
astro-ph.HE 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 4.0 of 10

A bias-controlled quasar sample of ~2000 objects demonstrates that the X-ray-to-UV luminosity relation remains constant from redshift 0.7 to 5.
The Next Generation Global Gravitational Wave Observatory: The Science Book
gr-qc 2021-11 accept novelty 3.0 of 10

A community roadmap arguing that a network of 3G gravitational-wave detectors would detect hundreds of thousands of compact-binary mergers per year and enable decisive measurements of dense matter, black-hole populati...
Black holes, gravitational waves and fundamental physics: a roadmap
gr-qc 2018-06 conditional novelty 1.0 of 10

A roughly 200-author roadmap argues that gravitational-wave observations of black holes will test General Relativity in the strong field, reveal how black holes form and grow, and may expose new fundamental fields.

How later papers used it

68 later papers cite it

Evidence: some. 55 of the citing papers share no author with it, and 3 of those carry a confident label from Pith's citation classifier.

Pith read 3 of the 83 citing sentences, choosing only those whose citation markers point at this paper alone, and wrote the paraphrases from them. The summary, the counts, the evidence level, the links and the quotes come from code; the summary counts the papers listed below. A later paper is listed under a label when Pith's citation classifier gives one of its sentences that label at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), Pith's reading finds that the citing paper itself did it, and a second check confirms the paraphrase against the sentence. This section lists uses only. It does not list criticism or disagreement, so their absence here says nothing about how the paper has been received. Papers that share an author with this one are listed apart, under "By the same authors". A quote is the citing authors' own sentence, shown when their paper's licence is CC BY, CC BY-SA or CC0. JSON

1 paper by the same authors is listed below: 1 compared its own results with it.

Compares with it 1 of 4 papers with this label · 1 by the same authors

By the same authors

We compared the results of the pressure floor method with sink particles in [ref] and [ref] and found that both methods yield similar results.

Role of magnetic fields in the formation of direct collapse black holes (2022) (same authors) · Conclusions and Discussion · 0.86

How the literature uses it

11 arXiv papers cite this in 12 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 5 sentences without a confident label

Uses its method or tool 1 paper

This method is applied in [ref] to follow the accretion history of protostars in atomic cooling halos.

Large Eddy Simulations in Astrophysics · Gravitational collapse of gas in primordial halos · 0.84

Cites it as background 6 papers

In this scenario, primordial gas collapses at temperatures of $∼10^4$K, suppressing fragmentation and enabling large gas inflow rates [ref] .

Abundant Heavy Black Hole Seeds from Moderate Lyman-Werner Radiation · Introduction · 0.86
Possible scenarios to produce such massive seed BHs have been studied, e.g., through collapses of massive stars/gas clouds, or through mergers of massive stars/ black holes [ref] .

Cosmological 21cm line observations to test scenarios of super-Eddington accretion on to black holes being seeds of high-redshifted supermassive black holes · Introduction · 0.92
The third are "heavy" seeds, commonly referred to as direct collapse black holes (DCBHs), with masses of $M_∙ ≳10^4 M_⊙$, which form from the collapsed cores of supermassive stars (SMSs) [ref] ; we will focus on this formation channel for the remainder of this paper.

Identification of Candidate Halos Hosting Massive Black Hole Seeds in the $\textit{Renaissance}$ Simulations with Support Vector Machines · Introduction · 0.96

Discussion

Know something about this paper? Leave a comment, or highlight any passage above to comment on it.