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Validation of the equilibrium model for galaxy evolution to z~3 through molecular gas and dust observations of lensed star-forming galaxies

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Paper breakdownThe authors' claims, conditions and measurements, as JSON Signed receiptProof this review has not been altered
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Amelie Saintonge, Dieter Lutz, Reinhard Genzel, Benjamin Magnelli, Raanan Nordon, Linda J. Tacconi, Andrew J. Baker, Kaushala Bandara
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Stefano Berta, Natascha M. Forster Schreiber, Albrecht Poglitsch, Eckhard Sturm, Eva Wuyts, Stijn Wuyts

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Submitted 12 Sep 2013

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim The depletion timescale and gas fractions of the z>2 normal star-forming galaxies can be explained under the "equilibrium model" for galaxy evolution, in which the gas reservoir of galaxies is the primary driver of the redshift evolution of specific star formation rates.

how it is stated · asserted 0.62 read the record →

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arXiv ID1309.3281 (version 1)
Pith IDWB4IRWU2, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review
CitationAlbrecht Poglitsch, Amelie Saintonge, Andrew J. Baker, Benjamin Magnelli, Dieter Lutz, Eckhard Sturm, Eva Wuyts, Kaushala Bandara, Linda J. Tacconi, Natascha M. Forster Schreiber, Raanan Nordon, Reinhard Genzel, Stefano Berta, Stijn Wuyts. "Validation of the equilibrium model for galaxy evolution to z~3 through molecular gas and dust observations of lensed star-forming galaxies." arXiv:1309.3281 (2013). https://pith.science/paper/WB4IRWU2
Claim paper

The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

Open the compiled record

Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 6,872 input tokens, $0.0003 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.10 · states limitation 0.77 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.66 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.99 · compares with prior results 0.97 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v1. Results and the main claim are underlined; .

We combine IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer and Herschel PACS and SPIRE measurements to study the dust and gas contents of high-redshift star forming galaxies. We present new observations for a sample of 17 lensed galaxies at z=1.4-3.1, which allow us to directly probe the cold ISM of normal star-forming galaxies with stellar masses of ~10^10Msun, a regime otherwise not (yet) accessible by individual detections in Herschel and molecular gas studies. The lensed galaxies are combined with reference samples of sub-millimeter and normal z~1-2 star-forming galaxies with similar far-infrared photometry to study the gas and dust properties of galaxies in the SFR-M*-redshift parameter space. The mean gas depletion timescale of main sequence galaxies at z>2 is measured to be only ~450Myr, a factor of ~1.5 (~5) shorter than at z=1 (z=0), in agreement with a (1+z)^-1 scaling. The mean gas mass fraction at z=2.8 is 40+/-15% (44% after incompleteness correction), suggesting a flattening or even a reversal of the trend of increasing gas fractions with redshift recently observed up to z~2. The depletion timescale and gas fractions of the z>2 normal star-forming galaxies can be explained under the "equilibrium model" for galaxy evolution, in which the gas reservoir of galaxies is the primary driver of the redshift evolution of specific star formation rates. Due to their high star formation efficiencies and low metallicities, the z>2 lensed galaxies have warm dust despite being located on the star formation main sequence. At fixed metallicity, they also have a gas-to-dust ratio 1.7 times larger than observed locally when using the same standard techniques, suggesting that applying the local calibration of the relation between gas-to-dust ratio and metallicity to infer the molecular gas mass of high redshift galaxies may lead to systematic differences with CO-based estimates.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#sentencerolethe authors' own workstates the main conclusionstrength
s0 We combine IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer and Herschel PACS and SPIRE measurements to study the dust and gas contents of high-redshift star forming galaxies. method 0.84 0.95 0.02 asserted 0.92
s1 We present new observations for a sample of 17 lensed galaxies at z=1.4-3.1, which allow us to directly probe the cold ISM of normal star-forming galaxies with stellar masses of ~10^10Msun, a regime otherwise not (yet) accessible by individual detections in Herschel and molecular gas studies. contribution 0.98 0.97 0.04 asserted 0.96
s2 The lensed galaxies are combined with reference samples of sub-millimeter and normal z~1-2 star-forming galaxies with similar far-infrared photometry to study the gas and dust properties of galaxies in the SFR-M*-redshift parameter space. method 0.88 0.79 0.04 asserted 0.93
s3 The mean gas depletion timescale of main sequence galaxies at z>2 is measured to be only ~450Myr, a factor of ~1.5 (~5) shorter than at z=1 (z=0), in agreement with a (1+z)^-1 scaling. result 1.00 0.95 0.14 asserted 1.00
s4 The mean gas mass fraction at z=2.8 is 40+/-15% (44% after incompleteness correction), suggesting a flattening or even a reversal of the trend of increasing gas fractions with redshift recently observed up to z~2. result 0.99 0.94 0.12 hedged possibility 0.84
s5 The depletion timescale and gas fractions of the z>2 normal star-forming galaxies can be explained under the "equilibrium model" for galaxy evolution, in which the gas reservoir of galaxies is the primary driver of the redshift evolution of specific star formation rates. interpretation 1.00 0.63 0.81 asserted 0.62
s6 Due to their high star formation efficiencies and low metallicities, the z>2 lensed galaxies have warm dust despite being located on the star formation main sequence. result 0.88 0.88 0.04 asserted 1.00
s7 At fixed metallicity, they also have a gas-to-dust ratio 1.7 times larger than observed locally when using the same standard techniques, suggesting that applying the local calibration of the relation between gas-to-dust ratio and metallicity to infer the molecular gas mass of high redshift galaxies may lead to systematic differences with CO-based estimates. result 0.66 0.88 0.05 hedged possibility 0.92

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: empirical study 1.00 · evidence from observation or experiment 1.00.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read
  • arXiv listing abstract v1
not examined
  • full text
  • figures and tables
  • references and citing sentences
  • relations to other papers
levels run
  • P abstract
not run
  • S sections
  • T body sentences
  • C citations
  • R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper
Original abstract

We combine IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer and Herschel PACS and SPIRE measurements to study the dust and gas contents of high-redshift star forming galaxies. We present new observations for a sample of 17 lensed galaxies at z=1.4-3.1, which allow us to directly probe the cold ISM of normal star-forming galaxies with stellar masses of ~10^10Msun, a regime otherwise not (yet) accessible by individual detections in Herschel and molecular gas studies. The lensed galaxies are combined with reference samples of sub-millimeter and normal z~1-2 star-forming galaxies with similar far-infrared photometry to study the gas and dust properties of galaxies in the SFR-M*-redshift parameter space. The mean gas depletion timescale of main sequence galaxies at z>2 is measured to be only ~450Myr, a factor of ~1.5 (~5) shorter than at z=1 (z=0), in agreement with a (1+z)^-1 scaling. The mean gas mass fraction at z=2.8 is 40+/-15% (44% after incompleteness correction), suggesting a flattening or even a reversal of the trend of increasing gas fractions with redshift recently observed up to z~2. The depletion timescale and gas fractions of the z>2 normal star-forming galaxies can be explained under the "equilibrium model" for galaxy evolution, in which the gas reservoir of galaxies is the primary driver of the redshift evolution of specific star formation rates. Due to their high star formation efficiencies and low metallicities, the z>2 lensed galaxies have warm dust despite being located on the star formation main sequence. At fixed metallicity, they also have a gas-to-dust ratio 1.7 times larger than observed locally when using the same standard techniques, suggesting that applying the local calibration of the relation between gas-to-dust ratio and metallicity to infer the molecular gas mass of high redshift galaxies may lead to systematic differences with CO-based estimates.

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References
How later papers used it

62 later papers cite it

Evidence: substantial. 56 of the citing papers share no author with it, and 14 of those carry a confident label from Pith's citation classifier.

Pith read 15 of the 99 citing sentences, choosing only those whose citation markers point at this paper alone, and wrote the paraphrases from them. The summary, the counts, the evidence level, the links and the quotes come from code; the summary counts the papers listed below. A later paper is listed under a label when Pith's citation classifier gives one of its sentences that label at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), Pith's reading finds that the citing paper itself did it, and a second check confirms the paraphrase against the sentence. This section lists uses only. It does not list criticism or disagreement, so their absence here says nothing about how the paper has been received. Papers that share an author with this one are listed apart, under "By the same authors". A quote is the citing authors' own sentence, shown when their paper's licence is CC BY, CC BY-SA or CC0. JSON

Uses its data or values 1 of 7 papers with this label
Compares with it 1 of 8 papers with this label
How the literature uses it

1 arXiv paper cite this in 1 sentence

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

What it cites · 5 sentences without a confident label

Cites as background 1 paper
  • Since measuring CO in normal star-forming galaxies at high redshifts is challenging, there has been significant interest recently in using dust masses as a proxy for the total molecular gas contents [ref] .

    Evolution of star formation and gas · Gas-to-dust ratio · 0.94

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