The ATLAS3D Project - XXVIII. Dynamically-driven star formation suppression in early-type galaxies

Alison F. Crocker; Anne-Marie Weijmans; Davor Krajnovic; Eric Emsellem; Estelle Bayet; Frederic Bournaud; Harald Kuntschner; Katherine Alatalo; Leo Blitz; Lisa M. Young

RECORD

The ATLAS3D Project - XXVIII. Dynamically-driven star formation suppression in early-type galaxies

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Submitted 19 Mar 2014

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim This leads us to suggest that dynamical properties (such as shear or the global stability of the gas) may be important second parameters that regulate star formation and cause much of the scatter around star-formation relations.

how it is stated · hedged possibility 1.00 read the record →

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arXiv ID1403.4850 (version 1)

Pith IDOKHW4C7X, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review

CitationAlison F. Crocker, Anne-Marie Weijmans, Davor Krajnovic, Eric Emsellem, Estelle Bayet, Frederic Bournaud, Harald Kuntschner, Katherine Alatalo, Leo Blitz, Lisa M. Young, Marc Sarzi, Martin Bureau, Maxime Bois, Michele Cappellari, Nicholas Scott, Paolo Serra, Pierre-Alain Duc, P. T. de Zeeuw, Raffaella Morganti, Richard M. McDermid, Roger L. Davies, Sadegh Khochfar, Thorsten Naab, Timothy A. Davis, Tom Oosterloo. "The ATLAS3D Project - XXVIII. Dynamically-driven star formation suppression in early-type galaxies." arXiv:1403.4850 (2014). https://pith.science/paper/OKHW4C7X

Claim paper

The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

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Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 7,210 input tokens, $0.0003 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.86 · states limitation 0.17 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.42 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.98 · compares with prior results 0.93 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v1. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

We present measurements of the star formation rate (SFR) in the early-type galaxies (ETGs) of the ATLAS3D sample, based on Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) 22um and Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) far-ultraviolet emission. We combine these with gas masses estimated from 12CO and HI data in order to investigate the star formation efficiency (SFE) in a larger sample of ETGs than previously available. We first recalibrate (based on WISE data) the relation between old stellar populations (traced at Ks-band) and 22um luminosity, allowing us to remove the contribution of 22um emission from circumstellar dust. We then go on to investigate the position of ETGs on the Kennicutt-Schmidt (KS) relation. Molecular gas-rich ETGs have comparable star formation surface densities to normal spiral galaxy centres, but they lie systematically offset from the KS relation, having lower star formation efficiencies by a factor of ~2.5 (in agreement with other authors). This effect is driven by galaxies where a substantial fraction of the molecular material is in the rising part of the rotation curve, and shear is high. We show here for the first time that although the number of stars formed per unit gas mass per unit time is lower in ETGs, it seems that the amount of stars formed per free-fall time is approximately constant. The scatter around this dynamical relation still correlates with galaxy properties such as the shape of the potential in the inner regions. This leads us to suggest that dynamical properties (such as shear or the global stability of the gas) may be important second parameters that regulate star formation and cause much of the scatter around star-formation relations.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	We present measurements of the star formation rate (SFR) in the early-type galaxies (ETGs) of the ATLAS3D sample, based on Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) 22um and Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) far-ultraviolet emission.	contribution 0.84	0.97	0.02	asserted 1.00
s1	We combine these with gas masses estimated from 12CO and HI data in order to investigate the star formation efficiency (SFE) in a larger sample of ETGs than previously available.	method 0.62	0.94	0.03	asserted 0.89
s2	We first recalibrate (based on WISE data) the relation between old stellar populations (traced at Ks-band) and 22um luminosity, allowing us to remove the contribution of 22um emission from circumstellar dust.	method 0.98	0.94	0.02	asserted 1.00
s3	We then go on to investigate the position of ETGs on the Kennicutt-Schmidt (KS) relation.	method 0.51	0.78	0.02	unclear 0.71
s4	Molecular gas-rich ETGs have comparable star formation surface densities to normal spiral galaxy centres, but they lie systematically offset from the KS relation, having lower star formation efficiencies by a factor of ~2.5 (in agreement with other authors).	result 1.00	0.84	0.24	asserted 1.00
s5	This effect is driven by galaxies where a substantial fraction of the molecular material is in the rising part of the rotation curve, and shear is high.	interpretation 0.62	0.79	0.19	asserted 1.00
s6	We show here for the first time that although the number of stars formed per unit gas mass per unit time is lower in ETGs, it seems that the amount of stars formed per free-fall time is approximately constant.	result 0.91	0.93	0.40	asserted 0.75
s7	The scatter around this dynamical relation still correlates with galaxy properties such as the shape of the potential in the inner regions.	result 0.98	0.91	0.10	asserted 1.00
s8	This leads us to suggest that dynamical properties (such as shear or the global stability of the gas) may be important second parameters that regulate star formation and cause much of the scatter around star-formation relations.	interpretation 1.00	0.48	0.77	hedged possibility 1.00

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: empirical study 1.00 · evidence from analysis of existing data 0.76.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read

arXiv listing abstract v1

not examined

full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
relations to other papers

levels run

P abstract

not run

S sections
T body sentences
C citations
R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper

Original abstract

We present measurements of the star formation rate (SFR) in the early-type galaxies (ETGs) of the ATLAS3D sample, based on Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) 22um and Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) far-ultraviolet emission. We combine these with gas masses estimated from 12CO and HI data in order to investigate the star formation efficiency (SFE) in a larger sample of ETGs than previously available. We first recalibrate (based on WISE data) the relation between old stellar populations (traced at Ks-band) and 22um luminosity, allowing us to remove the contribution of 22um emission from circumstellar dust. We then go on to investigate the position of ETGs on the Kennicutt-Schmidt (KS) relation. Molecular gas-rich ETGs have comparable star formation surface densities to normal spiral galaxy centres, but they lie systematically offset from the KS relation, having lower star formation efficiencies by a factor of ~2.5 (in agreement with other authors). This effect is driven by galaxies where a substantial fraction of the molecular material is in the rising part of the rotation curve, and shear is high. We show here for the first time that although the number of stars formed per unit gas mass per unit time is lower in ETGs, it seems that the amount of stars formed per free-fall time is approximately constant. The scatter around this dynamical relation still correlates with galaxy properties such as the shape of the potential in the inner regions. This leads us to suggest that dynamical properties (such as shear or the global stability of the gas) may be important second parameters that regulate star formation and cause much of the scatter around star-formation relations.

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References

Forward citations

Cited by 3 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

CoRGI in MaNGA - II. NGC 5717: cold-gas accretion and disk growth in a BGG
astro-ph.GA 2026-10 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

A massive brightest group galaxy, NGC 5717, hosts a young counter-rotating stellar disk formed in situ from externally accreted gas, likely from a cosmic filament.
Probing cold gas and dust in quiescent galaxies across cosmic time
astro-ph.IM 2026-10 accept novelty 2.0 of 10

This white paper argues that ALMA2040 is essential to systematically measure molecular gas, dust, and outflows in quiescent galaxies and discriminate between quenching mechanisms.
ALMA2040: Understanding the Early Assembly of Galaxies - The Formation of Star-Forming Clumps and their Role in Shaping Galaxy Evolution
astro-ph.IM 2026-10 unverdicted novelty 2.0 of 10

A community white paper making the scientific case that the proposed ALMA2040 facility will revolutionize studies of high-redshift GMCs and star-forming clumps.

How later papers used it

57 later papers cite it

Evidence: substantial. 30 of the citing papers share no author with it, and 16 of those carry a confident label from Pith's citation classifier.

Pith read 14 of the 110 citing sentences, choosing only those whose citation markers point at this paper alone, and wrote the paraphrases from them. The summary, the counts, the evidence level, the links and the quotes come from code; the summary counts the papers listed below. A later paper is listed under a label when Pith's citation classifier gives one of its sentences that label at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), Pith's reading finds that the citing paper itself did it, and a second check confirms the paraphrase against the sentence. This section lists uses only. It does not list criticism or disagreement, so their absence here says nothing about how the paper has been received. Papers that share an author with this one are listed apart, under "By the same authors". A quote is the citing authors' own sentence, shown when their paper's licence is CC BY, CC BY-SA or CC0. JSON

2 papers by the same authors are listed below: 1 used its method or tool and 2 used its data or values. 1 of them appears under more than one label.

Uses its method or tool 1 paper · 1 by the same authors

By the same authors

Used the relation between the 2MASS Ks-band luminosity and the WISE 22 micron luminosity from this paper to estimate the portion of the mid-infrared emission produced by old, passively evolving stars.

Star Formation in Nearby Early-Type Galaxies: The Radio Continuum Perspective (2016) (same authors) · 0.92 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting

Uses its data or values 2 of 9 papers with this label · 2 by the same authors

By the same authors

Took the star formation rate and total cold gas mass for each candidate star-forming early-type galaxy from Table 1 of this paper.

Star Formation in Nearby Early-Type Galaxies: The Radio Continuum Perspective (2016) (same authors) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Used its star formation rate from this paper to give a gas consumption time of 1 to 2 Gyr.

The Diversity of Atomic Hydrogen in Slow Rotator Early-type Galaxies (2018) (same authors) · 0.93 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting

How the literature uses it

3 arXiv papers cite this in 6 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 5 sentences without a confident label

Uses its data or values 1 paper

We test the existence of a correlation between $α_G,S$ and SFR using ATLAS$^3D$ and the measured SFRs presented by [ref] .

The origin of the atomic and molecular gas contents of early-type galaxies. II. Misaligned gas accretion · Dependence on galaxy properties · 1.00

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