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An isolated, compact early-type galaxy with a diffuse stellar component: merger origin?
Astrophysics of Galaxies · Submitted 11 Jun 2014
abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review
The authors' main claim We discuss the possible origin of this galaxy and suggest that it might have originated from a merger of even smaller objects -- a well established scenario for the formation of massive early-type galaxies.
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The relation between the size and luminosity for both bright and faint early-type galaxies has been repeatedly discussed as a crucial proxy for understanding evolutionary scenarios, as galaxies grow and lose their stellar mass in different physical processes. The class of compact early-type galaxies (cEs) are, however, distinct outliers from this relation and mainly found around massive galaxies in the centres of groups and clusters. The recent discovery of a cE in isolation provided a new opportunity to understand their formation scenario in a different environment. Here, we report the discovery of an isolated cE, CGCG 036-042, using imagery from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The CGCG 036-042 has an $r$-band absolute magnitude (M$_{r}$) of $-$18.21 mag and a half-light radius (R$_{e}$) of 559 pc. Interestingly, it possesses a faint outer stellar component, which extends up to 10 kpc from its centre and has a nearly constant $r$-band surface brightness of $\sim$26 mag/arcsec$^{2}$. ESO-VLT long-slit spectroscopic data reveal that the simple stellar population (SSP) properties are fairly similar to those of previously identified cEs, with an intermediate-age of 7.15$\pm$1.17 Gyr, a metallicity of --0.18$\pm$0.07 dex and a supersolar alpha-element abundance of 0.2$\pm$0.05 dex. The SSP metallicity also shows a significant decline outward from the center, by 0.5 dex over one half light radius. We discuss the possible origin of this galaxy and suggest that it might have originated from a merger of even smaller objects -- a well established scenario for the formation of massive early-type galaxies.
background contribution method result interpretation main claim
| # | sentence | role | the authors' own work | states the main conclusion | strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s0 | The relation between the size and luminosity for both bright and faint early-type galaxies has been repeatedly discussed as a crucial proxy for understanding evolutionary scenarios, as galaxies grow and lose their stellar mass in different physical processes. | background 1.00 | 0.04 | 0.02 | asserted 0.99 |
| s1 | The class of compact early-type galaxies (cEs) are, however, distinct outliers from this relation and mainly found around massive galaxies in the centres of groups and clusters. | background 0.98 | 0.06 | 0.03 | asserted 1.00 |
| s2 | The recent discovery of a cE in isolation provided a new opportunity to understand their formation scenario in a different environment. | background 0.58 | 0.08 | 0.03 | asserted 0.95 |
| s3 | Here, we report the discovery of an isolated cE, CGCG 036-042, using imagery from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). | contribution 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.05 | asserted 1.00 |
| s4 | The CGCG 036-042 has an $r$-band absolute magnitude (M$_{r}$) of $-$18.21 mag and a half-light radius (R$_{e}$) of 559 pc. | result 0.99 | 0.89 | 0.03 | asserted 1.00 |
| s5 | Interestingly, it possesses a faint outer stellar component, which extends up to 10 kpc from its centre and has a nearly constant $r$-band surface brightness of $\sim$26 mag/arcsec$^{2}$. | result 1.00 | 0.88 | 0.04 | asserted 1.00 |
| s6 | ESO-VLT long-slit spectroscopic data reveal that the simple stellar population (SSP) properties are fairly similar to those of previously identified cEs, with an intermediate-age of 7.15$\pm$1.17 Gyr, a metallicity of --0.18$\pm$0.07 dex and a supersolar alpha-element abundance of 0.2$\pm$0.05 dex. | result 0.99 | 0.89 | 0.05 | asserted 0.98 |
| s7 | The SSP metallicity also shows a significant decline outward from the center, by 0.5 dex over one half light radius. | result 1.00 | 0.90 | 0.05 | asserted 1.00 |
| s8 | We discuss the possible origin of this galaxy and suggest that it might have originated from a merger of even smaller objects -- a well established scenario for the formation of massive early-type galaxies. | interpretation 1.00 | 0.47 | 0.73 | speculative 0.80 |
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Original abstract
The relation between the size and luminosity for both bright and faint early-type galaxies has been repeatedly discussed as a crucial proxy for understanding evolutionary scenarios, as galaxies grow and lose their stellar mass in different physical processes. The class of compact early-type galaxies (cEs) are, however, distinct outliers from this relation and mainly found around massive galaxies in the centres of groups and clusters. The recent discovery of a cE in isolation provided a new opportunity to understand their formation scenario in a different environment. Here, we report the discovery of an isolated cE, CGCG 036-042, using imagery from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The CGCG 036-042 has an $r$-band absolute magnitude (M$_{r}$) of $-$18.21 mag and a half-light radius (R$_{e}$) of 559 pc. Interestingly, it possesses a faint outer stellar component, which extends up to 10 kpc from its centre and has a nearly constant $r$-band surface brightness of $\sim$26 mag/arcsec$^{2}$. ESO-VLT long-slit spectroscopic data reveal that the simple stellar population (SSP) properties are fairly similar to those of previously identified cEs, with an intermediate-age of 7.15$\pm$1.17 Gyr, a metallicity of --0.18$\pm$0.07 dex and a supersolar alpha-element abundance of 0.2$\pm$0.05 dex. The SSP metallicity also shows a significant decline outward from the center, by 0.5 dex over one half light radius. We discuss the possible origin of this galaxy and suggest that it might have originated from a merger of even smaller objects -- a well established scenario for the formation of massive early-type galaxies.
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