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CTL+FO Verification as Constraint Solving

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Tewodros A. Beyene, Marc Brockschmidt, Andrey Rybalchenko

Logic in Computer Science · Submitted 16 Jun 2014

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim By integrating this constraint encoding with an off-the-shelf solver we obtain an automatic verifier for CTL+FO.

how it is stated · asserted 1.00 read the record →

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arXiv ID1406.3988 (version 3)
Pith IDQ6HMV5SH, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review
CitationAndrey Rybalchenko, Marc Brockschmidt, Tewodros A. Beyene. "CTL+FO Verification as Constraint Solving." arXiv:1406.3988 (2014). https://pith.science/paper/Q6HMV5SH
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The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

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Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 5,432 input tokens, $0.0002 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.05 · states limitation 0.08 · human participants 0.02 · controlled comparison 0.01 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.03 · compares with prior results 0.07 · mentions code or data availability 0.04.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v3. Results and the main claim are underlined; .

Expressing program correctness often requires relating program data throughout (different branches of) an execution. Such properties can be represented using CTL+FO, a logic that allows mixing temporal and first-order quantification. Verifying that a program satisfies a CTL+FO property is a challenging problem that requires both temporal and data reasoning. Temporal quantifiers require discovery of invariants and ranking functions, while first-order quantifiers demand instantiation techniques. In this paper, we present a constraint-based method for proving CTL+FO properties automatically. Our method makes the interplay between the temporal and first-order quantification explicit in a constraint encoding that combines recursion and existential quantification. By integrating this constraint encoding with an off-the-shelf solver we obtain an automatic verifier for CTL+FO.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#sentencerolethe authors' own workstates the main conclusionstrength
s0 Expressing program correctness often requires relating program data throughout (different branches of) an execution. background 1.00 0.05 0.02 asserted 0.90
s1 Such properties can be represented using CTL+FO, a logic that allows mixing temporal and first-order quantification. background 1.00 0.07 0.03 asserted 0.78
s2 Verifying that a program satisfies a CTL+FO property is a challenging problem that requires both temporal and data reasoning. background 0.99 0.06 0.04 asserted 1.00
s3 Temporal quantifiers require discovery of invariants and ranking functions, while first-order quantifiers demand instantiation techniques. background 0.99 0.05 0.03 asserted 1.00
s4 In this paper, we present a constraint-based method for proving CTL+FO properties automatically. contribution 1.00 0.94 0.60 asserted 1.00
s5 Our method makes the interplay between the temporal and first-order quantification explicit in a constraint encoding that combines recursion and existential quantification. method 0.88 0.93 0.17 asserted 1.00
s6 By integrating this constraint encoding with an off-the-shelf solver we obtain an automatic verifier for CTL+FO. contribution 0.48 0.90 0.54 asserted 1.00

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: method or tool 1.00 · evidence from proof or derivation 0.63.

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not examined
  • full text
  • figures and tables
  • references and citing sentences
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  • P abstract
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  • S sections
  • T body sentences
  • C citations
  • R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper
Original abstract

Expressing program correctness often requires relating program data throughout (different branches of) an execution. Such properties can be represented using CTL+FO, a logic that allows mixing temporal and first-order quantification. Verifying that a program satisfies a CTL+FO property is a challenging problem that requires both temporal and data reasoning. Temporal quantifiers require discovery of invariants and ranking functions, while first-order quantifiers demand instantiation techniques. In this paper, we present a constraint-based method for proving CTL+FO properties automatically. Our method makes the interplay between the temporal and first-order quantification explicit in a constraint encoding that combines recursion and existential quantification. By integrating this constraint encoding with an off-the-shelf solver we obtain an automatic verifier for CTL+FO.

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