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Physical properties of the first quasars

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Simona Gallerani, Xiaohui Fan, Roberto Maiolino, Fabio Pacucci

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Submitted 20 Feb 2017

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim These data provided a large amount of information on the growth of supermassive black holes at the early epochs, the properties of quasar host galaxies and the joint formation and evolution of these massive systems.

how it is stated · asserted 1.00 read the record →

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arXiv ID1702.06123 (version 2)
Pith IDDBU4PORO, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review
CitationFabio Pacucci, Roberto Maiolino, Simona Gallerani, Xiaohui Fan. "Physical properties of the first quasars." arXiv:1702.06123 (2017). https://pith.science/paper/DBU4PORO
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The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

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Compiled by classifier-1.13.0 via TypeSafe API, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 3,670 input tokens.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.05 · states limitation 0.18 · human participants 0.02 · controlled comparison 0.02 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.34 · compares with prior results 0.11 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v2. Results and the main claim are underlined; .

Since the beginning of the new millennium, more than 100 $z\sim 6$ quasars have been discovered through several surveys and followed-up with multi-wavelength observations. These data provided a large amount of information on the growth of supermassive black holes at the early epochs, the properties of quasar host galaxies and the joint formation and evolution of these massive systems. We review the properties of the highest-$z$ quasars known so far, especially focusing on some of the most recent results obtained in (sub-)millimeter bands. We discuss key observational challenges and open issues in theoretical models and highlight possible new strategies to improve our understanding of the galaxy-black hole formation and evolution in the early Universe.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#sentencerolethe authors' own workstates the main conclusionstrength
s0 Since the beginning of the new millennium, more than 100 $z\sim 6$ quasars have been discovered through several surveys and followed-up with multi-wavelength observations. background 1.00 0.07 0.03 asserted 1.00
s1 These data provided a large amount of information on the growth of supermassive black holes at the early epochs, the properties of quasar host galaxies and the joint formation and evolution of these massive systems. background 0.96 0.07 0.06 asserted 1.00
s2 We review the properties of the highest-$z$ quasars known so far, especially focusing on some of the most recent results obtained in (sub-)millimeter bands. contribution 1.00 0.23 0.08 asserted 0.71
s3 We discuss key observational challenges and open issues in theoretical models and highlight possible new strategies to improve our understanding of the galaxy-black hole formation and evolution in the early Universe. future work 0.86 0.30 0.11 hedged possibility 0.55

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: review 1.00 · evidence from literature 0.83.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read
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not examined
  • full text
  • figures and tables
  • references and citing sentences
  • relations to other papers
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  • S sections
  • T body sentences
  • C citations
  • R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper
Original abstract

Since the beginning of the new millennium, more than 100 $z\sim 6$ quasars have been discovered through several surveys and followed-up with multi-wavelength observations. These data provided a large amount of information on the growth of supermassive black holes at the early epochs, the properties of quasar host galaxies and the joint formation and evolution of these massive systems. We review the properties of the highest-$z$ quasars known so far, especially focusing on some of the most recent results obtained in (sub-)millimeter bands. We discuss key observational challenges and open issues in theoretical models and highlight possible new strategies to improve our understanding of the galaxy-black hole formation and evolution in the early Universe.

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References
How the literature uses it

4 arXiv papers cite this in 4 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 2 sentences without a confident label

Cites it as background 2 papers
  • The existence of such early SMBHs raises thorny questions about the formation and the subsequent growth of the seeds from which these extreme compact objects have been originated [ref] .

    Primordial black holes as supermassive black holes seeds · Introduction · 0.93

  • Here we briefly discuss the mostly debated issues related to the discovery of distant quasars and their observed properties (see [ref] for a recent review on the first quasars observed physical properties).

    On the formation of the first quasars · OPEN QUESTIONS · 0.98

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