Inefficient volatile loss from the Moon-forming disk: reconciling the giant impact hypothesis and a wet Moon

The Earth's Moon is thought to have formed from a circumterrestrial disk generated by a giant impact between the proto-Earth and an impactor approximately 4.5 billion years ago. Since the impact was energetic, the disk would have been hot and partially vaporized. This formation process is thought to be responsible for the geochemical observation that the Moon is depleted in volatiles. This model predicts that the Moon should be significantly depleted in water as well, but this appears to contradict some of the recently measured lunar water abundances and D/H ratios that suggest that the Moon is more water-rich than previously thought. Alternatively, the Moon could have retained its water if the upper of the disk were dominated by heavier species because hydrogen would have had to diffuse out from the heavy-element rich disk, and therefore the escape rate would have been limited by this slow diffusion process (diffusion-limited escape). To identify which escape the disk would have experienced and to quantify volatiles loss from the disk, we compute the thermal structure of the Moon-forming disk considering various bulk water abundances and mid-plane disk temperatures. Our calculations show that the upper parts of the Moon-forming disk are dominated by heavy atoms or molecules and hydrogen is a minor species. This indicates that hydrogen escape would have been diffusion-limited, and therefore the amount of lost water and hydrogen would have been small compared to the initial abundance assumed. This result indicates that the giant impact hypothesis can be consistent with the water-rich Moon. Furthermore, since the hydrogen wind would have been weak, the other volatiles would not have escaped either. Thus, the observed volatile depletion of the Moon requires another mechanism.