Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems

As of 17 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 40 of 40 outbound references and 0 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:1908.07025.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
1908.07025 v1

Coverage vector

measured 40 of 40 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.156366Z

measured 40 of 40 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00

measured 0 of 0 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: cited_works

Reference resolution

40 of 40 outbound references displayed

verified exact0
verified fuzzy39
unresolved1
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation a6914494-bcce-465f-886e-c42e5b3a6de3 · outbound

This paper cites Looplessness in networks is linked t o trophic coherence,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Looplessness in networks is linked t o trophic coherence,

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.707035Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation c06fe073-4b6c-4b82-82c5-ccd376eeaf08 · outbound

This paper cites Local trophodynamics and the interaction of marine mammals and ﬁsheries in the benguela ecosystem,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Local trophodynamics and the interaction of marine mammals and ﬁsheries in the benguela ecosystem,

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.694052Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 54120282-8787-4346-b696-282228f1a3fb · outbound

This paper cites Impacts on stream food w ebs of native and exotic forest: An intercontinental comparison,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Impacts on stream food w ebs of native and exotic forest: An intercontinental comparison,

Reference 3

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.682272Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation f5b985f4-fdee-4c11-a5f3-0db6586dbf4d · outbound

This paper cites Energy availability, spatial hetero geneity and ecosystem size predict food-web structure in stream,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Energy availability, spatial hetero geneity and ecosystem size predict food-web structure in stream,

Reference 4

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.670982Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 91be69e1-a1e5-4d24-8943-b60975927fa7 · outbound

This paper cites Scale and structure in natural food webs,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Scale and structure in natural food webs,

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.647273Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation f0304f31-328b-4044-a33e-d507abb2a4b8 · outbound

This paper cites Disturbance, re- source supply, and food-web architecture in streams,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Disturbance, re- source supply, and food-web architecture in streams,

Reference 7

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.659184Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 24bcf71d-36bf-4bd0-ae4d-387db1c93f34 · outbound

This paper cites Trophic interactions in Caribbean coral reefs,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Trophic interactions in Caribbean coral reefs,

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.635043Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 3fac0c8b-470e-4a25-8cd5-c453042106fa · outbound

This paper cites Interaction strength c ombinations and the over- ﬁshing of a marine food web,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Interaction strength c ombinations and the over- ﬁshing of a marine food web,

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.622838Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation d4d2c718-aa7d-4b25-a652-e7494d98bbaa · outbound

This paper cites Nutrient controls on ecosystem d ynamics: the chesapeake mesohaline community,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Nutrient controls on ecosystem d ynamics: the chesapeake mesohaline community,

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.607827Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation c619c22e-9731-4a5d-8e5f-5f4f3f94c080 · outbound

This paper cites The eﬀects of taxo nomic aggregation on network analysis,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems The eﬀects of taxo nomic aggregation on network analysis,

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.594290Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation bfc5b8f7-0382-4dc9-ab6b-228b63f87db7 · outbound

This paper cites Complex trophic interactions in deserts: an empirical c ritique of food-web theory,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Complex trophic interactions in deserts: an empirical c ritique of food-web theory,

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.582317Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 7f5533ca-a4a1-4891-8f8d-a423e7d2bb5f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.570136Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 8223e225-84ad-43da-9318-f6f74a744f1f · outbound

This paper cites Artifacts or attributes? Eﬀects of resolutio n on the Little Rock Lake food web,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Artifacts or attributes? Eﬀects of resolutio n on the Little Rock Lake food web,

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.558911Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 03e2f581-1a4e-49bd-a283-473083c7195d · outbound

This paper cites Stepping in Elton’s footprints: a general scaling model for body ma sses and trophic levels across ecosystems,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Stepping in Elton’s footprints: a general scaling model for body ma sses and trophic levels across ecosystems,

Reference 15

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.547548Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 05b8d8eb-29f0-4f21-bca1-8c2f24d96d7d · outbound

This paper cites The dimension ality of ecological networks,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems The dimension ality of ecological networks,

Reference 16

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.536029Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 6058f32a-b741-4a9f-a4e5-db48d6c2c5f1 · outbound

This paper cites Does food web theory work for marine ecosystems?,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Does food web theory work for marine ecosystems?,

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.524167Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 0c86c707-a28b-435d-afb8-3c71e1e2d2d4 · outbound

This paper cites Predators, pa rasitoids and pathogens: species richness, trophic generality and body sizes in a natural foo d web,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Predators, pa rasitoids and pathogens: species richness, trophic generality and body sizes in a natural foo d web,

Reference 18

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.510861Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 284b6527-e655-4758-9e57-276e66a461f3 · outbound

This paper cites Spatial and temporal variation in the structur e of a freshwater food web,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Spatial and temporal variation in the structur e of a freshwater food web,

Reference 19

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.498064Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 23bbafaf-1273-4e77-bdb0-9dbf28b82809 · outbound

This paper cites Organizing and understa nding a winter’s Seagrass foodweb network through eﬀective trophic levels,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Organizing and understa nding a winter’s Seagrass foodweb network through eﬀective trophic levels,

Reference 20

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.486063Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation a5ae2ab3-e6b1-4c6d-95aa-b1a4f8e2511b · outbound

This paper cites Construction of a larg e Caribbean food web,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Construction of a larg e Caribbean food web,

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.474218Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation e9a38afb-85f6-49fb-8202-9b32b25edaa0 · outbound

This paper cites Disturbance, re- source supply, and food-web architecture in streams,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Disturbance, re- source supply, and food-web architecture in streams,

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.462103Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 209bb071-fdb3-46bf-a07f-bbef1441afb6 · outbound

This paper cites Eﬀects of sampling eﬀort on characterization of food-web structure,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Eﬀects of sampling eﬀort on characterization of food-web structure,

Reference 23

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.450109Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation f08907ad-4836-45ac-b4d1-20aa7c4651c8 · outbound

This paper cites The role of body size in complex food webs,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems The role of body size in complex food webs,

Reference 24

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.438136Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 1f3ba06e-a5d8-4f0c-81bb-72b2fef3722a · outbound

This paper cites Do parasites reduce th e chances of triangulation in a real food web?,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Do parasites reduce th e chances of triangulation in a real food web?,

Reference 25

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.425062Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation c9c1e283-6eb0-4c82-b098-6a44bee6225e · outbound

This paper cites Architecture of the human regulatory network derived from encode data,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Architecture of the human regulatory network derived from encode data,

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.412180Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation f93beaab-2861-48d1-8bc3-7713718518c6 · outbound

This paper cites Buﬀered Qualitat ive Stability explains the robustness and evolvability of transcriptional networks,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Buﬀered Qualitat ive Stability explains the robustness and evolvability of transcriptional networks,

Reference 27

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.399603Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 879bf3de-3cd1-4029-ad80-7952fc614228 · outbound

This paper cites Regulondb v8. 0: omics data sets, evolutionary conservation, re gulatory phrases, cross- validated gold standards and more,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Regulondb v8. 0: omics data sets, evolutionary conservation, re gulatory phrases, cross- validated gold standards and more,

Reference 28

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.386325Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 66a5cec0-ec60-44d8-bdab-52871cb64ae9 · outbound

This paper cites From speciﬁc gene reg- ulation to genomic networks: a global analysis of transcriptional re gulation in escherichia coli,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems From speciﬁc gene reg- ulation to genomic networks: a global analysis of transcriptional re gulation in escherichia coli,

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.373837Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 4d4d1f82-88bd-447c-b439-4f78520fb4f1 · outbound

This paper cites Superfamilies of evolved and designed networks,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Superfamilies of evolved and designed networks,

Reference 30

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.361006Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation a781c442-3c74-4b6e-af7e-c140bb291731 · outbound

This paper cites Transcriptional regulatory code of a eukaryotic genome,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Transcriptional regulatory code of a eukaryotic genome,

Reference 31

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.348431Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 7afe467e-2ae8-4571-b82e-947620ae5d02 · outbound

This paper cites Ypd TM, pombepd TM and wormpd TM: model organism volumes of the bioknowledge TM library, an integrated resource for protein information,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Ypd TM, pombepd TM and wormpd TM: model organism volumes of the bioknowledge TM library, an integrated resource for protein information,

Reference 32

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.334182Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation f93603e9-5167-4f33-b9cc-09b73453f203 · outbound

This paper cites The regulatory network of pseu- domonas aeruginosa,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems The regulatory network of pseu- domonas aeruginosa,

Reference 33

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.319614Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 885471f8-e118-4242-ae97-727ec3e7b940 · outbound

This paper cites The tran- scriptional regulatory network of mycobacterium tuberculosis,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems The tran- scriptional regulatory network of mycobacterium tuberculosis,

Reference 34

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.305374Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation da4be69a-2f09-4067-8204-d2535efccdf5 · outbound

This paper cites The large-scale organization of metabolic networks,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems The large-scale organization of metabolic networks,

Reference 35

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.292309Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation b73da5d6-232c-4162-8c0d-f49011efa2ad · outbound

This paper cites The structure of the nervous system of the nematode caenorhabditis elegans,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems The structure of the nervous system of the nematode caenorhabditis elegans,

Reference 36

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.278561Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation ea3f98f8-ebe7-4892-a42c-1d3bf8beb5ee · outbound

This paper cites Collective dynamics of ‘small-wo rld’ networks,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Collective dynamics of ‘small-wo rld’ networks,

Reference 37

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.264343Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 2d860333-8e98-4863-a74b-fec704240382 · outbound

This paper cites Graph evolution : Densiﬁcation and shrinking diameters,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Graph evolution : Densiﬁcation and shrinking diameters,

Reference 38

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.250220Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation f94d4314-56ac-49d8-9b73-6c002377be2d · outbound

This paper cites Mapping the gnutella n etwork: Properties of large-scale peer-to-peer systems and implications for system d esign,.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Mapping the gnutella n etwork: Properties of large-scale peer-to-peer systems and implications for system d esign,

Reference 39

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.229699Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 1fd23ec3-9cd4-460c-97a7-67dc4b67b1e2 · outbound

This paper cites de Nooy, A.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems de Nooy, A

Reference 40

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.212017Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Observation 5ee2519a-6bfc-4a74-8bca-1accb6744cd1 · outbound

This paper cites Random House, 1960.

Digraphs are different: Why directionality matters in complex systems Random House, 1960

Reference 41

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T12:38:06.194072Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-16T06:30:59.297886+00:00.

Pith citing papers

No inbound Pith citation observations are available.