A communication solution for portable detectors of the Cosmic Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory

Alan R. Duffy; Dariusz Gora; Dmitriy Beznosko; Jaroslaw Stasielak; Jilberto Zamora-Saa; Karel Smolek; Katarzyna Smelcerz; Kevin Almeida Cheminant; Konrad Kopa\'nski; Krzysztof Rzecki

REVIEW 3 major objections 5 minor 19 references

A communication solution for portable detectors of the Cosmic Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory

T0 review · 3 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-14 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read A dedicated 169 MHz radio link lets cheap, battery-powered detectors report cosmic-ray events to one listening station, even where cellular networks do not reach.

desk verdict A modest, honest ICRC status report on a 169 MHz LoRa-style detector link; the point-to-point radio test looks real, but the paper's headline claim of a multi-station communication solution rests on a time-slot synchronization scheme that was never exercised. read the letter →

arxiv 1908.11288 v2 pith:ASFPCBNR submitted 2019-08-29 astro-ph.IM

Katarzyna Smelcerz , Konrad Kopański , Wojciech Noga , Mateusz Su{l}ek , Kevin Almeida Cheminant , Niraj Dhital , Dariusz Gora , Piotr Homola

show 12 more authors

Oleksandr Sushchov Dmitriy Beznosko Jilberto Zamora-Saa Alan R. Duffy Marcin Kasztelan Peter Kovacs Vahab Nazari Micha{l} Niedźwiecki Krzysztof Rzecki Karel Smolek Jaroslaw Stasielak Zoltán Zimborás

This is my paper · ORCID

classification astro-ph.IM

keywords cosmic-rayensembles169MHzISMbandstartopologyDCF77timesynchronizationGPS-disciplinedtiminglow-powerradiolinkdistributedparticledetectorspocketscintillationdetector

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper argues that a purpose-built one-way radio link in the 169 MHz ISM band can be the communication backbone for a dense, worldwide network of cheap battery-powered cosmic-ray detectors, including in places without cellular or internet access. It reports a star-topology prototype: up to 60 small transmitting stations send short event frames to a single mains-powered listening station, each in its own minute-long time slot, synchronized by the long-wave DCF77 time signal. A field test in dense urban development measured partial coverage, and the paper estimates roughly two years of battery life for a station that transmits hourly. It also describes replacing a pocket scintillation detector's original microcontroller with a faster, GPS-disciplined one, so event times across distant detectors can be compared precisely enough to search for widespread cosmic-ray coincidences.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing mechanism is the time-slot transmission protocol. Each transmitting station is assigned an integer ID; with $n = \mathrm{ID} - 1$, station $n$ transmits in minute $n$ of every hour, so up to 60 stations can share one radio channel without collisions while the sink listens continuously. Synchronization is supplied by the 77.5 kHz DCF77 long-wave time signal, with an emulation mode inside the transmitting station for regions where that signal is unavailable. Around this protocol sits the hardware design: star topology, a mains-powered sink with a full-wave antenna of more than 10 dBi gain, battery-powered senders using short 110 mm antennas, one-way event frames plus hourly GPS-status frames, and a radio transceiver that recognizes frame boundaries itself, so no end-of-frame marker is needed. The frequency choice is carried by the propagation scaling $L = L_x f^2$, since lower carriers lose less signal through obstacles.

What would settle it

Take two transmitting stations with consecutive IDs, block their reception of the long-wave time signal so they rely on internal clocks or emulated time, and have them trigger simultaneous artificial event pulses; if the sink ever receives overlapping frames or frames out of slot order, the claimed time-slot synchronization fails.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that infrastructure is the obstacle to a planet-wide cosmic-ray detector network, not the detectors themselves, and that a custom 169 MHz radio link removes that obstacle. Because path loss through obstacles grows with the square of frequency, the low ISM band gives longer range through buildings and terrain than the 868 MHz band used by most Internet-of-Things radios. The paper's design is a star: a mains-powered sink with a high-gain full-wave antenna continuously listens while battery-powered senders transmit one-way event frames, with collisions avoided by assigning each station a time slot derived from its ID and by synchronizing all stations to DCF77 (or to a locally emulated DCF77 signal when out of range). In the reported urban coverage test, the configuration of a sensitive receiver and matched antennas achieved the best range of the variants tried, with good frames showing received-signal strength around −44 to −55 dB and lost frames in shadowed areas. The paper further claims that a GPS-timed microcontroller upgrade gives the pocket detector a stable enough time base for coincidence studies.

Load-bearing premise

The collision-free protocol assumes every transmitting station stays synchronized to the same clock, either through a long-wave radio time broadcast or a locally emulated version of it, and this synchronization was not tested in the field.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

If the prototype is deployed, a single mains-powered sink can serve up to 60 battery-powered detectors spread around it, each reporting events inside its own one-minute slot.
At one hourly status frame with a 2.2-second transmission time, the paper estimates a sending station's battery should last about two years.
Because 169 MHz attenuates less through obstacles than 868 MHz, the same star design should give longer urban range than typical low-power wide-area IoT radios.
A GPS-disciplined microcontroller in the detector removes the clock slew seen in the original pocket detector, so timestamps from widely separated stations become comparable for coincidence searches.
Moving to an even lower frequency, such as 27 MHz, could let one-way signals reflect off the ionosphere and bypass obstacles, extending the same design from two-dimensional to three-dimensional propagation.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

Because the link is one-way with no acknowledgment, a frame lost to interference is permanently lost; science yield in a dense urban deployment therefore depends on the measured frame-success rate, not on the protocol's nominal capacity.
The same star-and-slot architecture is not specific to cosmic rays: any low-data-rate, battery-powered sensor needing years of unattended operation could reuse it, since it only carries short event frames, hourly status, and GPS position.
A multi-station test with several transmitters out of DCF77 range and with deliberately skewed internal clocks would turn the synchronization requirement into a measured quantity and reveal how much clock drift the one-minute slots can tolerate.
If the 27 MHz ionospheric-reflection path is realized, the network's reach would no longer be limited to line-of-sight around a sink, but the time-slot protocol would then need to handle greatly varying propagation delays and likely longer frame occupancy.

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Signed reviews

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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

Colleague,

Quick read of Smelcerz et al. (1908.11288): it is an ICRC 2019 status report, not a finished system paper, and on that scale it is mostly solid. The real news is a working one-way 169 MHz link using SX1276 transceivers, a star network with a mains-powered sink and low-power transmitters, and a GPS-timed STM32 controller to replace the CosmicWatch ATmega. They include raw RSSI/SNR numbers and mark failure zones rather than hiding them. The hardware and software links are in the paper. That is worth credit.

The soft spots are real but proportional. There is no range in meters anywhere; packet success is only "red zone/blue zone" on a map, with no counts. The battery lifetime estimate is a two-line average-current calculation that ignores sleep current and receiver standby, so the "2 years" figure is not established. The earlier LoRa and SPIRIT1 comparisons (300 m and 100 m in urban area) are given without enough detail to be benchmarked. None of that makes me question the basic link; it makes me question how much of the design is proven.

The bigger gap is the media-access layer. Everything about the multi-station claim sits on DCF-synchronized time slots, with station ID mapped to minute slots. The experiment used one transmitter and one sink, so collisions and slot alignment were never exercised. The fallback mode—the sink "emulating" DCF for transmitters—is described in two slightly inconsistent sentences, and the physical layer of that emulation is not specified. Since DCF77 is a 77.5 kHz terrestrial time signal and the SX1276 operates at 137–1020 MHz, "emulation" must be a separate transmitter or wired injection; the paper does not say. That is a load-bearing untested assumption for the system as advertised, though not for the point-to-point link they actually measured. The paper itself concedes in Section 8 that the fully autonomous mobile detector still has to be built.

I would send this to a referee if it crossed my desk, mainly because it is a genuine engineering development with reproducible artifacts and honest failure reporting. The referee should ask for range in meters, packet statistics, sleep-current accounting, and any evidence of DCF sync or slot behavior. As a citation I probably would not use it in my own work, but someone in the CREDO/citizen-science IoT niche should know it exists.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. The paper describes a custom 169 MHz ISM-band radio communication system for portable detectors in the CREDO cosmic-ray observatory. The proposed architecture is a star topology in which battery-powered transmitting stations send event-driven frames to a mains-powered sink, using GPS for detector timing and a DCF77-based time-slot scheme for collision avoidance. The authors report prototype hardware based on SX1276 transceivers, a coverage experiment in urban Bytom with one transmitter and one receiver, RSSI/SNR values from selected frames, and a replacement of the CosmicWatch ATmega processor with an STM32 plus GPS module to improve time precision. They argue that the lower 169 MHz carrier gives longer range than commercial 868 MHz IoT modules, and conclude that the system is suitable for autonomous detectors in hard-to-reach places.

Significance. If the claims are substantiated, the work would demonstrate a useful engineering path for low-power, infrastructure-free communication between distributed cosmic-ray detectors, particularly in environments where GSM and LoRa-style public infrastructure is unavailable. The paper is honest in reporting failure zones and in making raw link data available on GitHub, and the battery-lifetime formulas are stated as forward models with no fitted parameters, so there is no circularity in the quantitative claims. However, the significance is limited by the fact that only a single-link link-budget test is reported; the multi-station synchronized protocol, which is the load-bearing novelty, is not exercised in any field measurement.

major comments (3)

[Section 4, Transmission protocol] The collision-avoidance scheme rests entirely on every transmitter sharing a common time base through DCF77 or through a sink-emulated DCF signal, but neither mechanism is validated. The text is internally contradictory: it first says 'the transmitting station has the ability to emulate the DCF signal' and then says 'the receiving station emulates a DCF signal to synchronize the time in broadcasting stations.' Moreover, the physical layer of the emulation mode is unspecified: the paper uses SX1276 transceivers operating at 137-1020 MHz, while DCF77 is a 77.5 kHz terrestrial time signal, so an SX1276 cannot directly receive a DCF signal. No measurement of slot alignment, clock drift, or DCF reception at the Bytom test site is reported. Because the entire one-way, time-slot-based transmission design depends on this synchronization premise, the multi-station claim in the abstract is not established.
[Section 6, The scope of the coverage experiment] The field experiment used exactly one transmitting station and one receiving station, as stated: 'The system consisted of one transmitting station, where the 8 bytes size frame was sent every 5 s, and one receiving station.' Consequently, the time-slot protocol and collision-avoidance behavior were never exercised under realistic conditions, and no evidence is provided that the ID-based slot allocation works when multiple transmitters are active. The paper nevertheless concludes that the solution enables 'connection of many different types of detectors'; this extrapolation from a single-link test is a load-bearing gap.
[Section 6, Table 1 and Figure 3] No distances or geographic coordinates are reported for the red (failure) and blue (good) zones, so the claimed advantage over the earlier LoRa and SPIRIT1 tests cannot be quantified. The text reports that LoRa achieved about 300 m and SPIRIT1 about 100 m in urban areas, but for the proposed 169 MHz system no range in meters is given anywhere. Without a distance scale on the map or a range value, the central performance claim—that this solution provides better urban coverage than the commercial modules—is not supported by the data presented.

minor comments (5)

[Section 4, Battery lifetime formulas] Equations (4.1) and (4.2) are dimensionally consistent if p is the transmitting current in amperes, but the text calls p 'power consumption' without specifying units; please state that p is current or clarify the units.
[Section 6, Table 1] The table caption does not define the 'x' entries or the column headers 'f' and 'frame'; the reader must infer that 'x' denotes a missed frame, and the column meaning of 'f' is unclear. Please add a caption that explains all symbols.
[General] The manuscript contains several editorial slips, including 'SNR (Signal Noise to Radio)' which should be 'Signal-to-Noise Ratio', 'f ramenumber' for 'frame number', 'mixed up at a walking pace' for 'moved at a walking pace', and 'Rysunek' in the figure captions. These should be corrected.
[Section 5, Antenna] The receiving antenna is described as 'full wave' with a gain of over 10 dBi, but the figure may be inconsistent with the stated dipoles; please give the antenna type and beam geometry so that the link budget can be reproduced.
[References] Reference [4] is an Army Research Office report; the attenuation formula L = Lx f^2 is a simplified model and should be cited more precisely or supplemented with a standard propagation model reference.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity: the communication-system paper is a self-contained engineering report whose claims are backed by a direct range experiment, not by fitting or self-referential derivation.

full rationale

The manuscript's central claim is a working 169 MHz one-way radio link with a star topology and a GPS-timed STM32-based detector controller. That claim is supported directly by the Bytom coverage experiment (Section 6), which reports measured RSSI and SNR values and marks locations where frames did not reach the sink. There is no fitted parameter that is then renamed a prediction, and no equation whose output is an input by construction. The battery lifetime estimate uses Eqs. 4.1 and 4.2 as a stated forward calculation from assumed transmission time, power consumption, frame count, and battery capacity; it is not a prediction validated against a fit, so it is not circular. The frequency-choice argument L = Lx f^2 is a standard attenuation scaling used to motivate 169 MHz, not a derivation that presumes the measured range. Self-citations [1] and [2] are CREDO status and citizen-science papers used only to motivate the project; they carry none of the engineering weight and are not cited to justify the protocol, antenna, or radio measurements. The one genuinely weak point, the DCF77-based time-slot synchronization and the untested sink-emulated DCF mode, is an unvalidated correctness or completeness risk, not a circular step: the paper does not claim to derive the synchronization from itself or to fit it to the target result. No manuscript passage asserts a missing support or a circular dependence that would change this verdict. The honest finding is therefore no significant circularity.

Assumptions & free parameters 2 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

This is an engineering design report. The central claim does not rest on numbers fitted to data; the free parameters are design choices and scenario assumptions behind the battery estimate. The axioms are the domain assumptions behind the frequency choice, the synchronization scheme, and the topology. No invented physical entities are introduced.

free parameters (2)

Battery lifetime scenario inputs = 1 frame per hour, 2.2 s transmission time; battery capacity and transmission current not stated
Section 4, Eqs. 4.1 and 4.2: the claimed 2-year battery life is computed from an assumed average current that ignores sleep-mode draw; no measured current is reported.
Number of transmitting stations per sink = 60
Section 4: IDs 1 to 60 map to one time slot per minute; this capacity bound is chosen by hand and limits the protocol's scaling.

assumptions (3)

domain assumption Obstacle attenuation scales with the square of frequency, so the lowest ISM band maximizes range.
Section 1, Eq. 1.1: motivates the 169 MHz choice and the contrast with 868 MHz, but the model omits multipath shadowing, small-antenna efficiency, and regulatory constraints; the advantage is asserted, not measured against 868 MHz.
domain assumption All transmitting stations share a common time base via DCF77 reception (claimed 2000 km radius) or via a DCF signal emulated by the sink.
Section 4: the entire collision-avoidance scheme depends on slot synchronization, and the paper reports no test of the emulation mode or of clock drift.
domain assumption Star topology with one mains-powered sink in continuous listening mode is the lowest-energy and sufficient topology for the CREDO detector density.
Section 2: asserted without comparing alternative topologies or estimating the sink density needed for planet-scale coincidence searches.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of A communication solution for portable detectors of the Cosmic Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/ASFPCBNR

@misc{pith2026190811288,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: A communication solution for portable detectors of the Cosmic Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/ASFPCBNR}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:1908.11288}
}

read the original abstract

The search for Cosmic-Ray Ensembles (CRE), groups of correlated cosmic rays that might be distributed over very large areas, even of the size of the planet, requires a globally spread and dense network of detectors, as proposed by the Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) Collaboration. This proposal motivates an effort towards exploring the potential of using even very much diversified detection technologies within one system, with detection units located even in hard-to-reach places, where, nevertheless, the sensors could work independently - without human intervention. For these reasons we have developed a dedicated communication solution enabling the connection of many different types of detectors, in a range of environments. The proposed data transmission system uses radio waves as an information carrier on the 169MHz frequency band in a contrast to the typical commercially used frequencies in a IoT systems (868MHz). The connectivity within the system is based on the star topology, which ensures the least energy consumption. The solution is now being prepared to being implemented using the prototype detection system based on the CosmicWatch open hardware design: a portable, pocket size, and economy particle detector using the scintillation technique. Our prototype detector is equipped with a dedicated software that integrates it with the already operational CREDO server system.

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

19 extracted references · 19 canonical work pages

[1]

ﬁeld of view

Introduction Due to the study of Cosmic-Ray Ensembles (CRE) in large areas and the correlation between speciﬁc events, the project requires a large and widely dispersed research infrastructure. CREDO wants to rely not only on specialized detectors, such as those found in professional observatories (eg. Pierre Auger), which are available only to the scient...

work page
[2]

The center is a collecting station (sink) equipped with a specialized antenna for communication at the frequency of 169 MHz

System Topology The system is organized in the star topology, which ensures the lowest energy consumption (does not require the use of retransmitters). The center is a collecting station (sink) equipped with a specialized antenna for communication at the frequency of 169 MHz. The sink being in the mode of continuous listening, waiting for the packages wit...

work page
[3]

LoRa and SigFox [5]

Radio waves as a carrier of wireless communication There are many ready-made solutions on the market that provide wireless communication on ISM bands, eg. LoRa and SigFox [5]. Unfortunately, the use of such solutions requires infrastructu- re (receivers placed on masts), which are only available in larger cities. In this case, it is not possible to use th...

work page
[4]

time slots

Transmission protocol The system is based on one-way transmission of detectors to the receiving station. To avoid collisions between individual transmissions, clock synchronization based on the DCF clock and transmission in the "time slots" designated by the ID number of the transmitting stations, was used. In places where the DCF clock is unavailable, th...

work page 2000
[5]

The experiment showed that the type of antenna not only affects the range but also the quality of the transmission

Antenna Matching the right type and parameters of the antenna had a huge impact on the results obta- ined during the experiment. The experiment showed that the type of antenna not only affects the range but also the quality of the transmission. The basic parameters of the antenna are: • Gain in relation to the reference antenna (dipole with a length of 1 ...

work page
[6]

It should be remembered that the waves are reﬂected and absorbed by buildings, hence the range in urban areas is always smaller than in open areas

The scope of the coverage experiment The experiment was conducted in the most difﬁcult of possible conditions, including potential scenarios of using the communication system in the CREDO project - meaning a high urban deve- lopment in the city of Bytom. It should be remembered that the waves are reﬂected and absorbed by buildings, hence the range in urba...

work page
[7]

CW is a small device contains Silicon Photomultiplier (SiMP) diode attached to the plastic scintillator and electronic for analyze and save incoming events

New µC for CosmicWatch One of the devices, able to detect cosmic rays, is an MIT product called CosmicWatch (CW) [9]. CW is a small device contains Silicon Photomultiplier (SiMP) diode attached to the plastic scintillator and electronic for analyze and save incoming events. Heart of the CW is ATmega328P (ATmega) microprocessor (µC) working on 16 MHz, with...

work page
[8]

Conclusion and future work To obtain a fully autonomous and mobile system for the detection of CRE, it is necessary to create our own low-power and mobile detector equipped with a reference real time clock. Unfortu- nately, CosmicWatch detectors take too much electricity to power them with the battery, and syn- chronization of their time base is not satis...

work page

Show all 19 references

[9]

We are all the Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory

“We are all the Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory”, N. Dhital, et al. (CREDO Collab.), PoS (ICRC2017) 1078 [arXiv:1709.05196]

arXiv
[10]

Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory: status and perspectives

“Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory: status and perspectives”,D.Góra, et al. (CREDO Collab.), Universe 2018,4(11) 111 .[arXiv:1810.10410]

2018 arXiv
[11]

Statistic data https://www.statista.com/statistics/330695/number-of-smartphone-users-worldwide/, available on 5th July 2019

2019
[12]

Urban Propagation Modeling For Wireless Systems

“Urban Propagation Modeling For Wireless Systems”, William Mark Smith, Donald C. Cox, A Report submitted to the Army Research Ofﬁce in fulﬁlment of Short Term Innovative Research (STIR) Grant DAAD19-03-1-0069
[13]

An Evaluation Of Low Power Wide Area Network Technologies For The Internet Of Things

“An Evaluation Of Low Power Wide Area Network Technologies For The Internet Of Things”, Keith E. Nolan, Wael Guibene, Mark Y . Kelly, 2016 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC)

2016
[14]

Technical documentation for B-L072Z-LRW AN1 LoRaR©/SigfoxTM Discovery kit https://www.st.com/en/evaluation-tools/b-l072z-lrwan1.html, available on 5th July 2019

2019
[15]

Technical documentation for evaluation board based on the SPIRIT1 https://www.st.com/en/evaluation-tools/steval-ikr002v1d.html, available on 5th July 2019

2019
[16]

Technical documentation for Semtech SX1276 137MHz to 1020MHz Long Range Low Power Transceiver https://www.semtech.com/products/wireless-rf/lora-transceivers/sx1276, available on 5th July 2019

2019
[17]

CosmicWatch web page http://www.cosmicwatch.lns.mit.edu, available on 5th July 2019

2019
[18]

Technical documentation for STM32F446xC/E microcontroller https://www.st.com/resource/en/datasheet/stm32f446ze.pdf, available on 5th July 2019

2019
[19]

Technical documentation for FGPMMOPA6H GPS Standalone Module https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/datasheets/GlobalTop-FGPMMOPA6H-Datasheet-V0A.pdf, available on 5th July 2019 7

2019

Pith tools

Reviewed August 14, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.

[1] [1]

ﬁeld of view

Introduction Due to the study of Cosmic-Ray Ensembles (CRE) in large areas and the correlation between speciﬁc events, the project requires a large and widely dispersed research infrastructure. CREDO wants to rely not only on specialized detectors, such as those found in professional observatories (eg. Pierre Auger), which are available only to the scient...

work page

[2] [2]

The center is a collecting station (sink) equipped with a specialized antenna for communication at the frequency of 169 MHz

System Topology The system is organized in the star topology, which ensures the lowest energy consumption (does not require the use of retransmitters). The center is a collecting station (sink) equipped with a specialized antenna for communication at the frequency of 169 MHz. The sink being in the mode of continuous listening, waiting for the packages wit...

work page

[3] [3]

LoRa and SigFox [5]

Radio waves as a carrier of wireless communication There are many ready-made solutions on the market that provide wireless communication on ISM bands, eg. LoRa and SigFox [5]. Unfortunately, the use of such solutions requires infrastructu- re (receivers placed on masts), which are only available in larger cities. In this case, it is not possible to use th...

work page

[4] [4]

time slots

Transmission protocol The system is based on one-way transmission of detectors to the receiving station. To avoid collisions between individual transmissions, clock synchronization based on the DCF clock and transmission in the "time slots" designated by the ID number of the transmitting stations, was used. In places where the DCF clock is unavailable, th...

work page 2000

[5] [5]

The experiment showed that the type of antenna not only affects the range but also the quality of the transmission

Antenna Matching the right type and parameters of the antenna had a huge impact on the results obta- ined during the experiment. The experiment showed that the type of antenna not only affects the range but also the quality of the transmission. The basic parameters of the antenna are: • Gain in relation to the reference antenna (dipole with a length of 1 ...

work page

[6] [6]

It should be remembered that the waves are reﬂected and absorbed by buildings, hence the range in urban areas is always smaller than in open areas

The scope of the coverage experiment The experiment was conducted in the most difﬁcult of possible conditions, including potential scenarios of using the communication system in the CREDO project - meaning a high urban deve- lopment in the city of Bytom. It should be remembered that the waves are reﬂected and absorbed by buildings, hence the range in urba...

work page

[7] [7]

CW is a small device contains Silicon Photomultiplier (SiMP) diode attached to the plastic scintillator and electronic for analyze and save incoming events

New µC for CosmicWatch One of the devices, able to detect cosmic rays, is an MIT product called CosmicWatch (CW) [9]. CW is a small device contains Silicon Photomultiplier (SiMP) diode attached to the plastic scintillator and electronic for analyze and save incoming events. Heart of the CW is ATmega328P (ATmega) microprocessor (µC) working on 16 MHz, with...

work page

[8] [8]

Conclusion and future work To obtain a fully autonomous and mobile system for the detection of CRE, it is necessary to create our own low-power and mobile detector equipped with a reference real time clock. Unfortu- nately, CosmicWatch detectors take too much electricity to power them with the battery, and syn- chronization of their time base is not satis...

work page