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On the Theory of Covariate-Adaptive Designs

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arxiv 2004.02994 v1 pith:W6F35HL2 submitted 2020-04-06 math.ST stat.MEstat.TH

classification math.STstat.MEstat.TH
keywords covariate-adaptivepocockpropertiestheoreticalmarginalproceduresimonclinical
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abstract

Pocock and Simon's marginal procedure (Pocock and Simon, 1975) is often implemented forbalancing treatment allocation over influential covariates in clinical trials. However, the theoretical properties of Pocock and Simion's procedure have remained largely elusive for decades. In this paper, we propose a general framework for covariate-adaptive designs and establish the corresponding theory under widely satisfied conditions. As a special case, we obtain the theoretical properties of Pocock and Simon's marginal procedure: the marginal imbalances and overall imbalance are bounded in probability, but the within-stratum imbalances increase with the rate of $\sqrt{n}$ as the sample size increases. The theoretical results provide new insights about balance properties of covariate-adaptive randomization procedures and open a door to study the theoretical properties of statistical inference for clinical trials based on covariate-adaptive randomization procedures.

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Cited by 3 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. OpenAlex reports about 12 citations worldwide. Full citation record

  1. Theoretical Properties of Covariate-Adaptive Randomization with a Diverging Number of Covariates

    stat.ME 2026-08 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    For high-dimensional feature maps, IE-CAR and IR-CAR imbalance is o(nq) when q=o(n) and of order nq when q=Ω(n); IR-CAR yields asymptotically normal treatment-effect estimates with valid confidence intervals.

  2. Covariate-Adaptive Randomization in Clinical Trials without Inflated Variances

    math.ST 2026-02 accept novelty 7.0 of 10

    A new covariate-adaptive randomization scheme achieves o_p(n^{1/2}) imbalance on targeted covariates while keeping the asymptotic variance of any untargeted covariate imbalance no larger than simple randomization.

  3. Efficient Doubly Adaptive Biased Coin Designs for Multiple Treatments

    math.ST 2026-07 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

    New multi-treatment adaptive designs attain both the Cramér–Rao lower bound on allocation variance and the theoretical optima for selection bias and entropy.

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