Observation of Microwave Shielding of Ultracold Molecules

Harnessing the potential wide-ranging quantum science applications of molecules will require control of their interactions. Here, we use microwave radiation to directly engineer and tune the interaction potentials between ultracold calcium monofluoride (CaF) molecules. By merging two optical tweezers, each containing a single molecule, we probe collisions in three dimensions. The correct combination of microwave frequency and power creates an effective repulsive shield, which suppresses the inelastic loss rate by a factor of six, in agreement with theoretical calculations. The demonstrated microwave shielding shows a general route to the creation of long-lived, dense samples of ultracold molecules and evaporative cooling.