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On Out-of-distribution Detection with Energy-based Models

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arxiv 2107.08785 v1 pith:23YYHSFF submitted 2021-07-03 cs.LG

classification cs.LG
keywords ebmsdetectionmodelsdatadensityenergy-basedimproveout-of-distribution
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Several density estimation methods have shown to fail to detect out-of-distribution (OOD) samples by assigning higher likelihoods to anomalous data. Energy-based models (EBMs) are flexible, unnormalized density models which seem to be able to improve upon this failure mode. In this work, we provide an extensive study investigating OOD detection with EBMs trained with different approaches on tabular and image data and find that EBMs do not provide consistent advantages. We hypothesize that EBMs do not learn semantic features despite their discriminative structure similar to Normalizing Flows. To verify this hypotheses, we show that supervision and architectural restrictions improve the OOD detection of EBMs independent of the training approach.

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Cited by 2 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. ALSA: Anchors in Logit Space for Out-of-Distribution Accuracy Estimation

    cs.LG 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    ALSA learns anchors in logit space and uses their influence on unlabeled samples to estimate model accuracy under distribution shift.

  2. A Variational Information Theoretic Approach to Out-of-Distribution Detection

    cs.LG 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A variational loss combining KL divergence and the Information Bottleneck predicts a piecewise-linear shaping function for OOD detection that beats existing element-wise shaping methods on ImageNet and CIFAR benchmarks.

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