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Black Hole Images as Tests of General Relativity: Effects of Spacetime Geometry

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arxiv 2111.01752 v2 pith:TXILCTL6 submitted 2021-11-02 astro-ph.HE gr-qc

classification astro-ph.HEgr-qc
keywords black-holeimageskerrspacetimeblackbrightdiametershadow
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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The images of supermassive black holes surrounded by optically-thin, radiatively-inefficient accretion flows, like those observed with the Event Horizon Telescope, are characterized by a bright ring of emission surrounding the black-hole shadow. In the Kerr spacetime this bright ring, when narrow, closely traces the boundary of the shadow and can, with appropriate calibration, serve as its proxy. The present paper expands the validity of this statement by considering two particular spacetime geometries: a solution to the field equations of a modified gravity theory and another that parametrically deviates from Kerr but recovers the Kerr spacetime when its deviation parameters vanish. A covariant, axisymmetric analytic model of the accretion flow based on conservation laws and spanning a broad range of plasma conditions is utilized to calculate synthetic non-Kerr black-hole images, which are then analysed and characterized. We find that in all spacetimes: (i) it is the gravitationally-lensed unstable photon orbit that plays the critical role in establishing the diameter of the rings observed in black-hole images, not the event horizon or the innermost stable circular orbit, (ii) bright rings in these images scale in size with, and encompass, the boundaries of the black-hole shadows, even when deviating significantly from Kerr, and (iii) uncertainties in the physical properties of the accreting plasma introduce subdominant corrections to the relation between the diameter of the image and the diameter of the black-hole shadow. These results provide important new theoretical justification for using black-hole images to probe and test the spacetimes of supermassive black holes.

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Cited by 5 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Dark matter environments and safeguards for spacetime inference from horizon scale interferometry

    gr-qc 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Using public 2017 M87* closure data, a frozen Kerr source fails an absolute adequacy test and the differential tidal-charge response fails numerical convergence, so no posterior or bound is reported.

  2. Gravitational Waves from Accretion Disks: Turbulence, Mode Excitation and Prospects for Future Detectors

    gr-qc 2025-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Turbulent accretion disks can stochastically excite black hole quasinormal ringing, but the resulting gravitational-wave background is below the reach of near-term detectors.

  3. Viscosity effects on the shadow of a non-rotating black hole

    gr-qc 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Shear viscosity and spacetime-curvature transport alter synthetic black hole shadow images of stationary magnetized tori at the few-μJy level.

  4. Observational signatures of negative mass wormholes through their shadows

    gr-qc 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    Positive/negative-mass binaries would emit gravitational waves with decreasing frequency and amplitude, and a negative-mass wormhole would cast an asymmetric shadow with richer photon-ring substructure than a black hole.

  5. Galactic Centre Pulsars with the SKAO

    astro-ph.HE 2026-07 accept novelty 4.0 of 10

    Updated SKA-MID sensitivity and multi-beam search strategies can detect up to ~84% of Galactic Centre pulsars (and ~60% of MSPs) under magnetar-like scattering, unlocking precision tests around Sgr A*.

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