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State-of-the-Art in Smart Contact Lenses for Human Machine Interaction
Human-Computer Interaction · Submitted 20 Dec 2021
abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review
The authors' main claim In fact, evidence from our systematic review demonstrates that these lenses can be used to display information, detect eye movements, restore vision and detect certain biomarkers in tear fluid.
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The abstract, sentence by sentence
Contact lenses have traditionally been used for vision correction applications. Recent advances in microelectronics and nanofabrication on flexible substrates have now enabled sensors, circuits and other essential components to be integrated on a small contact lens platform. This has opened up the possibility of using contact lenses for a range of human-machine interaction applications including vision assistance, eye tracking, displays and health care. In this article, we systematically review the range of smart contact lens materials, device architectures and components that facilitate this interaction for different applications. In fact, evidence from our systematic review demonstrates that these lenses can be used to display information, detect eye movements, restore vision and detect certain biomarkers in tear fluid. Consequently, whereas previous state-of the-art reviews in contact lenses focused exclusively on biosensing, our systematic review covers a wider range of smart contact lens applications in HMI. Moreover, we present a new method of classifying the literature on smart contact lenses according to their six constituent building blocks, which are the sensing, energy management, driver electronics, communications, substrate and the interfacing modules. Based on recent developments in each of these categories, we speculate the challenges and opportunities of smart contact lenses for human-machine interaction. Moreover, we propose a novel self-powered smart contact lens concept with integrated energy harvesters, sensors and communication modules to enable autonomous operation. Our review is therefore a critical evaluation of current data and is presented with the aim of guiding researchers to new research directions in smart contact lenses.
background contribution method result interpretation main claim
| # | sentence | role | the authors' own work | states the main conclusion | strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s0 | Contact lenses have traditionally been used for vision correction applications. | background 1.00 | 0.03 | 0.01 | asserted 1.00 |
| s1 | Recent advances in microelectronics and nanofabrication on flexible substrates have now enabled sensors, circuits and other essential components to be integrated on a small contact lens platform. | background 1.00 | 0.05 | 0.03 | asserted 1.00 |
| s2 | This has opened up the possibility of using contact lenses for a range of human-machine interaction applications including vision assistance, eye tracking, displays and health care. | background 0.97 | 0.06 | 0.10 | hedged possibility 0.88 |
| s3 | In this article, we systematically review the range of smart contact lens materials, device architectures and components that facilitate this interaction for different applications. | contribution 0.89 | 0.79 | 0.05 | asserted 0.90 |
| s4 | In fact, evidence from our systematic review demonstrates that these lenses can be used to display information, detect eye movements, restore vision and detect certain biomarkers in tear fluid. | result 0.94 | 0.75 | 0.48 | asserted 1.00 |
| s5 | Consequently, whereas previous state-of the-art reviews in contact lenses focused exclusively on biosensing, our systematic review covers a wider range of smart contact lens applications in HMI. | gap 0.54 | 0.58 | 0.10 | asserted 1.00 |
| s6 | Moreover, we present a new method of classifying the literature on smart contact lenses according to their six constituent building blocks, which are the sensing, energy management, driver electronics, communications, substrate and the interfacing modules. | contribution 0.89 | 0.93 | 0.06 | asserted 1.00 |
| s7 | Based on recent developments in each of these categories, we speculate the challenges and opportunities of smart contact lenses for human-machine interaction. | contribution 0.56 | 0.66 | 0.12 | speculative 1.00 |
| s8 | Moreover, we propose a novel self-powered smart contact lens concept with integrated energy harvesters, sensors and communication modules to enable autonomous operation. | contribution 0.99 | 0.78 | 0.11 | asserted 0.58 |
| s9 | Our review is therefore a critical evaluation of current data and is presented with the aim of guiding researchers to new research directions in smart contact lenses. | future work 0.71 | 0.60 | 0.16 | asserted 0.97 |
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The paper
Original abstract
Contact lenses have traditionally been used for vision correction applications. Recent advances in microelectronics and nanofabrication on flexible substrates have now enabled sensors, circuits and other essential components to be integrated on a small contact lens platform. This has opened up the possibility of using contact lenses for a range of human-machine interaction applications including vision assistance, eye tracking, displays and health care. In this article, we systematically review the range of smart contact lens materials, device architectures and components that facilitate this interaction for different applications. In fact, evidence from our systematic review demonstrates that these lenses can be used to display information, detect eye movements, restore vision and detect certain biomarkers in tear fluid. Consequently, whereas previous state-of the-art reviews in contact lenses focused exclusively on biosensing, our systematic review covers a wider range of smart contact lens applications in HMI. Moreover, we present a new method of classifying the literature on smart contact lenses according to their six constituent building blocks, which are the sensing, energy management, driver electronics, communications, substrate and the interfacing modules. Based on recent developments in each of these categories, we speculate the challenges and opportunities of smart contact lenses for human-machine interaction. Moreover, we propose a novel self-powered smart contact lens concept with integrated energy harvesters, sensors and communication modules to enable autonomous operation. Our review is therefore a critical evaluation of current data and is presented with the aim of guiding researchers to new research directions in smart contact lenses.
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