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Galaxies at a Cosmic-Ray Eddington Limit
Astrophysics of Galaxies · Submitted 8 Jun 2022
abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review
The authors' main claim This suggests that cosmic ray pressure is not the main factor limiting the luminosity of starburst galaxies.
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The abstract, sentence by sentence
Cosmic rays have been shown to be extremely important in the dynamics of diffuse gas in galaxies, helping to maintain hydrostatic equilibrium, and serving as a regulating force in star formation. In this paper, we address the influence of cosmic rays on galaxies by re-examining the theory of a cosmic ray Eddington limit, first proposed by Socrates et al. (2008) and elaborated upon by Crocker et al. (2021a) and Huang & Davis (2022). A cosmic ray Eddington limit represents a maximum cosmic ray energy density above which the interstellar gas cannot be in hydrostatic equilibrium, resulting in a wind. In this paper, we continue to explore the idea of a cosmic ray Eddington limit by introducing a general framework that accounts for the circumgalactic environment and applying it to five galaxies that we believe to be a good representative sample of the star forming galaxy population, using different cosmic ray transport models to determine what gives each galaxy the best chance to reach this limit. We show that while an Eddington limit for cosmic rays does exist, for our five galaxies, the limit either falls at star formation rates that are much larger or gas densities that are much lower than each galaxy's measured values. This suggests that cosmic ray pressure is not the main factor limiting the luminosity of starburst galaxies.
background contribution method result interpretation main claim
| # | sentence | role | the authors' own work | states the main conclusion | strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s0 | Cosmic rays have been shown to be extremely important in the dynamics of diffuse gas in galaxies, helping to maintain hydrostatic equilibrium, and serving as a regulating force in star formation. | background 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.02 | asserted 1.00 |
| s1 | In this paper, we address the influence of cosmic rays on galaxies by re-examining the theory of a cosmic ray Eddington limit, first proposed by Socrates et al. (2008) and elaborated upon by Crocker et al. (2021a) and Huang & Davis (2022). | contribution 0.74 | 0.41 | 0.02 | asserted 0.71 |
| s2 | A cosmic ray Eddington limit represents a maximum cosmic ray energy density above which the interstellar gas cannot be in hydrostatic equilibrium, resulting in a wind. | background 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.03 | asserted 1.00 |
| s3 | In this paper, we continue to explore the idea of a cosmic ray Eddington limit by introducing a general framework that accounts for the circumgalactic environment and applying it to five galaxies that we believe to be a good representative sample of the star forming galaxy population, using different cosmic ray transport models to determine what gives each galaxy the best chance to reach this limit. | contribution 0.70 | 0.93 | 0.03 | asserted 0.84 |
| s4 | We show that while an Eddington limit for cosmic rays does exist, for our five galaxies, the limit either falls at star formation rates that are much larger or gas densities that are much lower than each galaxy's measured values. | result 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.52 | asserted 1.00 |
| s5 | This suggests that cosmic ray pressure is not the main factor limiting the luminosity of starburst galaxies. | interpretation 1.00 | 0.79 | 0.84 | hedged possibility 1.00 |
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The paper
Original abstract
Cosmic rays have been shown to be extremely important in the dynamics of diffuse gas in galaxies, helping to maintain hydrostatic equilibrium, and serving as a regulating force in star formation. In this paper, we address the influence of cosmic rays on galaxies by re-examining the theory of a cosmic ray Eddington limit, first proposed by Socrates et al. (2008) and elaborated upon by Crocker et al. (2021a) and Huang & Davis (2022). A cosmic ray Eddington limit represents a maximum cosmic ray energy density above which the interstellar gas cannot be in hydrostatic equilibrium, resulting in a wind. In this paper, we continue to explore the idea of a cosmic ray Eddington limit by introducing a general framework that accounts for the circumgalactic environment and applying it to five galaxies that we believe to be a good representative sample of the star forming galaxy population, using different cosmic ray transport models to determine what gives each galaxy the best chance to reach this limit. We show that while an Eddington limit for cosmic rays does exist, for our five galaxies, the limit either falls at star formation rates that are much larger or gas densities that are much lower than each galaxy's measured values. This suggests that cosmic ray pressure is not the main factor limiting the luminosity of starburst galaxies.
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How the literature uses it
2 arXiv papers cite this in 3 sentences
Papers whose main result relates to this one's
States a conflicting result 1 paper
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We show that the luminosity of a star forming galaxy is capped by the production and subsequent expulsion of cosmic rays from its interstellar medium.
What it cites · 2 sentences without a confident label
Uses the method or tool of 1 paper
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We will follow a similar procedure as [ref] and [ref] and compare different transport models throughout our analysis (see [ref] for our choices).
The Launching of Cosmic Ray Driven Outflows · Introduction · 0.97
Cites as background 1 paper
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[ref] also considered streaming and diffusion.
The Launching of Cosmic Ray Driven Outflows · Introduction · 0.82
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