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The Path from the Chinese and Japanese Observations of Supernova 1181 AD, to a Type Iax Supernova, to the Merger of CO and ONe White Dwarfs
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Submitted 12 Jan 2023
abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review
The authors' main claim I collect my new evidences with literature results to make a confident case to connect the East-Asian observations to a supernova, then to Pa 30, then to a low-luminosity Type Iax SN, then to the only possible explosion mechanism as a merger between CO and ONe white dwarfs.
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The abstract, sentence by sentence
In 1181 AD, Chinese and Japanese observers reported an unmoving bright `Guest Star' in the constellation Chuanshe, visible for 185 days. In 2013, D. Patchick discovered what turned out to be a unique nebula surrounding a unique star, with the structure named `Pa 30', while subsequent workers made connections to mergers of white dwarfs, to the supernova subclass of low-luminosity Type Iax, and to the 1181 transient. Here, I provide a wide range of new observational evidence: First, detailed analysis of the original Chinese and Japanese reports places the `Guest Star' of 1181 into a small region with the only interesting source being Pa 30. Second, the ancient records confidently place the peak magnitude as 0.0$>$$V_{\rm peak}$$>$$-$1.4, and hence peak absolute magnitude $-$14.5$>$$M_{{\rm V,peak}}$$>$$-$16.0 mag. Third, the Pa 30 central star is fading from $B$=14.9 in 1889, to $B$=16.20 in 1950, to $B$=16.58 in 2022. Fourth, recent light curves show typical variability with full-amplitude of 0.24 mag on time-scales of one day and longer, critically with no coherent modulations for periods from 0.00046--10 days to strict limits. Fifth, the spectral energy distribution from the far-infrared to the ultraviolet is a nearly-perfect power-law with $F_{\nu}\propto\nu^{0.99\pm0.07}$, observed luminosity 128$\pm$24 L$_{\odot}$, and absolute magnitude $M_{\rm V}$=$+$1.07. I collect my new evidences with literature results to make a confident case to connect the East-Asian observations to a supernova, then to Pa 30, then to a low-luminosity Type Iax SN, then to the only possible explosion mechanism as a merger between CO and ONe white dwarfs.
background contribution method result interpretation main claim
| # | sentence | role | the authors' own work | states the main conclusion | strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s0 | In 1181 AD, Chinese and Japanese observers reported an unmoving bright `Guest Star' in the constellation Chuanshe, visible for 185 days. In 2013, D. | background 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.02 | asserted 0.99 |
| s1 | Patchick discovered what turned out to be a unique nebula surrounding a unique star, with the structure named `Pa 30', while subsequent workers made connections to mergers of white dwarfs, to the supernova subclass of low-luminosity Type Iax, and to the 1181 transient. | background 0.97 | 0.13 | 0.13 | asserted 0.99 |
| s2 | Here, I provide a wide range of new observational evidence: First, detailed analysis of the original Chinese and Japanese reports places the `Guest Star' of 1181 into a small region with the only interesting source being Pa 30. | contribution 0.85 | 0.89 | 0.10 | asserted 1.00 |
| s3 | Second, the ancient records confidently place the peak magnitude as 0.0$>$$V_{\rm peak}$$>$$-$1.4, and hence peak absolute magnitude $-$14.5$>$$M_{{\rm V,peak}}$$>$$-$16.0 mag. | result 0.96 | 0.68 | 0.04 | asserted 1.00 |
| s4 | Third, the Pa 30 central star is fading from $B$=14.9 in 1889, to $B$=16.20 in 1950, to $B$=16.58 in 2022. | result 0.98 | 0.44 | 0.02 | asserted 1.00 |
| s5 | Fourth, recent light curves show typical variability with full-amplitude of 0.24 mag on time-scales of one day and longer, critically with no coherent modulations for periods from 0.00046--10 days to strict limits. | result 0.99 | 0.58 | 0.03 | asserted 1.00 |
| s6 | Fifth, the spectral energy distribution from the far-infrared to the ultraviolet is a nearly-perfect power-law with $F_{\nu}\propto\nu^{0.99\pm0.07}$, observed luminosity 128$\pm$24 L$_{\odot}$, and absolute magnitude $M_{\rm V}$=$+$1.07. | result 0.99 | 0.81 | 0.05 | asserted 1.00 |
| s7 | I collect my new evidences with literature results to make a confident case to connect the East-Asian observations to a supernova, then to Pa 30, then to a low-luminosity Type Iax SN, then to the only possible explosion mechanism as a merger between CO and ONe white dwarfs. | interpretation 0.86 | 0.60 | 0.95 | asserted 0.99 |
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The paper
Original abstract
In 1181 AD, Chinese and Japanese observers reported an unmoving bright `Guest Star' in the constellation Chuanshe, visible for 185 days. In 2013, D. Patchick discovered what turned out to be a unique nebula surrounding a unique star, with the structure named `Pa 30', while subsequent workers made connections to mergers of white dwarfs, to the supernova subclass of low-luminosity Type Iax, and to the 1181 transient. Here, I provide a wide range of new observational evidence: First, detailed analysis of the original Chinese and Japanese reports places the `Guest Star' of 1181 into a small region with the only interesting source being Pa 30. Second, the ancient records confidently place the peak magnitude as 0.0$>$$V_{\rm peak}$$>$$-$1.4, and hence peak absolute magnitude $-$14.5$>$$M_{{\rm V,peak}}$$>$$-$16.0 mag. Third, the Pa 30 central star is fading from $B$=14.9 in 1889, to $B$=16.20 in 1950, to $B$=16.58 in 2022. Fourth, recent light curves show typical variability with full-amplitude of 0.24 mag on time-scales of one day and longer, critically with no coherent modulations for periods from 0.00046--10 days to strict limits. Fifth, the spectral energy distribution from the far-infrared to the ultraviolet is a nearly-perfect power-law with $F_{\nu}\propto\nu^{0.99\pm0.07}$, observed luminosity 128$\pm$24 L$_{\odot}$, and absolute magnitude $M_{\rm V}$=$+$1.07. I collect my new evidences with literature results to make a confident case to connect the East-Asian observations to a supernova, then to Pa 30, then to a low-luminosity Type Iax SN, then to the only possible explosion mechanism as a merger between CO and ONe white dwarfs.
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How the literature uses it
5 arXiv papers cite this in 9 sentences
Papers citing it · 7 sentences without a confident label
Uses its data or values 2 papers
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[ref] reported the long-term evolution of the B-band photometry of WD J005311 based on Harvard College Observatory photographic plates, covering approximately 150 years.
The Ultrafast Line-Driven Wind from the Double-Degenerate Merger Remnant WD J005311 · Time evolution of WD J005311 · 0.84
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Finally, the peak visual magnitude of SN 1181 has been estimated to be between $+1.0$ and $-0.5$ [ref] or 0.0 and -1.4 [ref] which, assuming an A$_V$ $∼$ 2.4-2.9 mag [ref] , implies M$_V$ values between $-12$ and $-16$.
Discovery of an Exceptional Optical Nebulosity in the Suspected Galactic SN Iax Remnant Pa 30 Linked to the Historical Guest Star of 1181 CE · Pa 30 as the Remnant of SN 1181 CE · 0.99
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