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Who Wrote this Code? Watermarking for Code Generation

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arxiv 2305.15060 v4 pith:555WCCU5 submitted 2023-05-24 cs.CL

classification cs.CL
keywords codegenerationdetectingdetectionentropymachine-generatedqualitysweet
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Since the remarkable generation performance of large language models raised ethical and legal concerns, approaches to detect machine-generated text by embedding watermarks are being developed. However, we discover that the existing works fail to function appropriately in code generation tasks due to the task's nature of having low entropy. Extending a logit-modifying watermark method, we propose Selective WatErmarking via Entropy Thresholding (SWEET), which enhances detection ability and mitigates code quality degeneration by removing low-entropy segments at generating and detecting watermarks. Our experiments show that SWEET significantly improves code quality preservation while outperforming all baselines, including post-hoc detection methods, in detecting machine-generated code text. Our code is available in https://github.com/hongcheki/sweet-watermark.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Paladin: Defending LLM-enabled Phishing Emails with a New Trigger-Tag Paradigm

    cs.CR 2025-09 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    A trigger-tag watermark embedded by fine-tuning lets modified LLMs mark their own phishing outputs for cheap detection.

  2. Optimizing Token Choice for Code Watermarking: An RL Approach

    cs.CR 2025-08 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    An RL-trained policy adaptively biases token choices to watermark LLM-generated code while preserving executable behavior.

  3. Detecting LLM-generated Code with Subtle Modification by Adversarial Training

    cs.SE 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    CodeGPTSensor+, trained with adversarial samples that combine identifier renaming and structure transformation, is substantially more robust to subtle modifications of LLM-generated code than the original CodeGPTSensor.

  4. Enhancing Watermarking Quality for LLMs via Contextual Generation States Awareness

    cs.CR 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A context-aware plug-in for LLM watermarking that skips or weakens watermarks on semantically critical tokens, improving task accuracy at similar detection rates.

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