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Distinguishing the nanohertz gravitational-wave sources by the observations of compact dark matter subhalos
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Submitted 24 May 2023
abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review
The authors' main claim Then, the observation of such substructures of dark matter can serve as a novel independent method to confirm or exclude the cosmological GW sources.
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The abstract, sentence by sentence
The latest pulsar timing array data reveals evidence of nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs), which have been explained by both cosmological and astrophysical sources. However, current observations lack the precision needed to differentiate between different models from the spectral index. We find that the cosmological GW sources, including bubble collisions, sound waves, domain walls, condensate fragmentations, and primordial curvature perturbations, induce large energy density perturbations so that most dark matter will exist in gravitationally self-bound subhalos. Then, the observation of such substructures of dark matter can serve as a novel independent method to confirm or exclude the cosmological GW sources.
background contribution method result interpretation main claim
| # | sentence | role | the authors' own work | states the main conclusion | strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s0 | The latest pulsar timing array data reveals evidence of nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs), which have been explained by both cosmological and astrophysical sources. | background 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.03 | asserted 0.91 |
| s1 | However, current observations lack the precision needed to differentiate between different models from the spectral index. | gap 0.96 | 0.09 | 0.03 | asserted 1.00 |
| s2 | We find that the cosmological GW sources, including bubble collisions, sound waves, domain walls, condensate fragmentations, and primordial curvature perturbations, induce large energy density perturbations so that most dark matter will exist in gravitationally self-bound subhalos. | result 0.93 | 0.86 | 0.21 | asserted 1.00 |
| s3 | Then, the observation of such substructures of dark matter can serve as a novel independent method to confirm or exclude the cosmological GW sources. | interpretation 0.72 | 0.33 | 0.79 | asserted 0.55 |
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The paper
Original abstract
The latest pulsar timing array data reveals evidence of nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs), which have been explained by both cosmological and astrophysical sources. However, current observations lack the precision needed to differentiate between different models from the spectral index. We find that the cosmological GW sources, including bubble collisions, sound waves, domain walls, condensate fragmentations, and primordial curvature perturbations, induce large energy density perturbations so that most dark matter will exist in gravitationally self-bound subhalos. Then, the observation of such substructures of dark matter can serve as a novel independent method to confirm or exclude the cosmological GW sources.
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References
How the literature uses it
5 arXiv papers cite this in 5 sentences
Papers citing it · 3 sentences without a confident label
Cites it as background 2 papers
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While various physical phenomena [ref] can produce GW signals within the PTA frequency band, the precise origin of this signal, whether attributed to supermassive black hole binaries [ref] or other cosmological sources [ref] , remains an ongoing subject of investigation.
Probing the equation of state of the early Universe with pulsar timing arrays · Introduction · 0.96
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[Besides the NANOGrav [ref] and EPTA [ref] official publications on searches for new physics, see e.g. Refs. [ref] , for examples of works connecting the PTA signals to a variety of fundamental physics models.] Looking beyond, it will be interesting to see whether the characteristics of the signal will be confirmed by future PTA observations, e.g. the forthcoming IPTA Data Release 3, which will include a total of 80 pulsars observed for up to 24 years, with a considerably improved sensitivity to spatial correlations and spectral resolutions compared to single-PTA datasets such as the ones considered here.
Inflationary interpretation of the stochastic gravitational wave background signal detected by pulsar timing array experiments · Conclusions · 0.98
What it cites · 120 sentences without a confident label
Uses the method or tool of 2 papers
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Assuming Gaussian energy density perturbations, the present abundance of subhalos that formed before $z_c<500$ is then approximated as [ref] [equation] where $M_i=4/3π(a_*H_*)^-3ρ_DM,0$ is approximately the total DM mass inside the Hubble horizon at the halo formation time.
Improved constraints on the primordial power spectrum at small scales from ultracompact minihalos · Introduction · 0.80
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The observations of the CMB $μ$-distortions directly limit induced curvature perturbations caused by GW sources, where $μ$ is obtained in terms of $δ_H$ following the method presented in [ref] .
Features and New Physical Scales in Primordial Observables: Theory and Observation · Introduction · 0.98
Uses data or values from 9 papers
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We apply the fitting results of the GW energy spectrums from bubble collisions and sound waves given in Ref. [ref] , [equation] [equation] where $f$ is the frequency of GWs, $α_*$ is the ratio of energy densities of vacuum and background radiation, $β$ is the inverse time of the FOPT duration, $v_w$ is the bubble wall velocity, $κ_ϕ$ and $κ_sw$ are the fractions of the vacuum energy that transform into bubble walls and sound waves.
Phase Transitions in an Expanding Universe: Stochastic Gravitational Waves in Standard and Non-Standard Histories · Introduction · 0.96
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We apply the fitting results of the GW energy spectrums from bubble collisions and sound waves given in Ref. [ref] , [equation] [equation] where $f$ is the frequency of GWs, $α_*$ is the ratio of energy densities of vacuum and background radiation, $β$ is the inverse time of the FOPT duration, $v_w$ is the bubble wall velocity, $κ_ϕ$ and $κ_sw$ are the fractions of the vacuum energy that transform into bubble walls and sound waves.
Gravitational Wave Production by Collisions: More Bubbles · Introduction · 0.96
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We apply the fitting results of the GW energy spectrums from bubble collisions and sound waves given in Ref. [ref] , [equation] [equation] where $f$ is the frequency of GWs, $α_*$ is the ratio of energy densities of vacuum and background radiation, $β$ is the inverse time of the FOPT duration, $v_w$ is the bubble wall velocity, $κ_ϕ$ and $κ_sw$ are the fractions of the vacuum energy that transform into bubble walls and sound waves.
Numerical simulations of acoustically generated gravitational waves at a first order phase transition · Introduction · 0.96
Cites as support 10 papers
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This has been demonstrated by various lattice simulations of cosmological GW sources, such as the collisions of bubble walls during the first-order phase transitions (FOPTs) [ref] , the formation of topological defects [ref] , and nonlinear evolution during the preheating process [ref] .
Inflaton Fragmentation and Oscillon Formation in Three Dimensions · Introduction · 0.97
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This has been demonstrated by various lattice simulations of cosmological GW sources, such as the collisions of bubble walls during the first-order phase transitions (FOPTs) [ref] , the formation of topological defects [ref] , and nonlinear evolution during the preheating process [ref] .
Gravitational Waves from Oscillon Preheating · Introduction · 0.97
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This has been demonstrated by various lattice simulations of cosmological GW sources, such as the collisions of bubble walls during the first-order phase transitions (FOPTs) [ref] , the formation of topological defects [ref] , and nonlinear evolution during the preheating process [ref] .
On the estimation of gravitational wave spectrum from cosmic domain walls · Introduction · 0.97
Cites as background 6 papers
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Many non-slow-roll inflationary models predict large-amplitude primordial perturbations at small scales (see Rev. [ref] for a recent review) so that scalar-induced GWs are strong enough to be observed by multiband GW detectors.
Inflation and Primordial Black Holes · Introduction · 0.87
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The direct observation of gravitational waves (GWs) provides a novel insight into understanding the early history of the Universe and discovering new fundamental physics beyond the Standard Model (SM) [ref] .
Cosmological Backgrounds of Gravitational Waves · Introduction · 0.96
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The direct observation of gravitational waves (GWs) provides a novel insight into understanding the early history of the Universe and discovering new fundamental physics beyond the Standard Model (SM) [ref] .
The Gravitational-Wave Physics · Introduction · 0.96
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