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Unraveling the early universe's equation of state and primordial black hole production with PTA, BBN, and CMB observations

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arxiv 2307.13574 v3 pith:T5DGIOZ6 submitted 2023-07-25 astro-ph.CO astro-ph.HEgr-qc

classification astro-ph.COastro-ph.HEgr-qc
keywords datascenariobackgroundblackdominationearlyequationissue
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abstract

Pulsar timing array (PTA) data releases showed strong evidence for a stochastic gravitational-wave background in the nanohertz band. When the signal is interpreted by a scenario of scalar-induced gravitational waves (SIGWs), we encounter overproduction of primordial black holes (PBHs). We wonder if varying the equation of state (EoS) of the early Universe can resolve this issue and thereby lead to a consistent interpretation of the PTA data. Analyzing a data combination of PTA, big-bang nucleosynthesis, and cosmic microwave background, we find that an epoch with EoS $w\sim\mathcal{O}(10^{-2})$ between the end of inflation and the onset of radiation domination can significantly suppress the production of PBHs, leading to alleviation of the PBH-overproduction issue. With the inferred interval $w=0.44_{-0.40}^{+0.52}$ at 95\% confidence level, our scenario can interpret the PTA data just as well as the conventional scenario of SIGWs produced during the radiation domination.

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Forward citations

Cited by 6 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Scalar-induced gravitational waves from a box-shaped curvature power spectrum

    gr-qc 2026-07 accept novelty 5.5 of 10

    Analytic SIGW spectra for a log-box curvature power spectrum: narrow-box geometric overlap factor turning IR slope k^{3}ln^{2}k into k^{2}ln^{2}k, plus broad-box product of universal edge functions.

  2. Purely quadratic non-Gaussianity from tachyonic instability: Primordial black holes and scalar-induced gravitational waves

    astro-ph.CO 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    Purely quadratic non-Gaussianity from tachyonic instability allows narrow curvature spectra to exponentially suppress primordial black hole overproduction via correlation coefficient ρ approaching -1 while retaining s...

  3. Can tensor-scalar induced GWs dominate PTA observations ?

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    A Bayesian fit to NANOGrav 15-year data finds that tensor-scalar induced gravitational waves plus primordial tensor waves can fit the PTA background, with amplitudes constrained by CMB, BAO, and PBH limits.

  4. Neutrino mass constraints in the Schwarzschild-de Sitter black-hole dark energy model with ACT DR6 and DESI DR2 data

    astro-ph.CO 2026-07 conditional novelty 4.5 of 10

    SdSDE dark energy yields a ~0.16–0.21 eV positive neutrino-mass preference with DESI+ACT data, but χ² strongly favors extended ΛCDM and the shift is likely compensation.

  5. Tensor induced gravitational waves

    astro-ph.CO 2025-07 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    Second-order tensor-induced gravitational waves can shift the inferred parameters of small-scale primordial gravitational wave models fitted to NANOGrav 15-year data, with one model favored by Bayes factors.

  6. Cosmological constraints on small-scale primordial non-Gaussianity

    astro-ph.CO 2025-05 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    Current pulsar-timing, CMB, BAO and PBH data constrain the small-scale local f_NL to -10.0 < f_NL < 1.2 for a monochromatic primordial power spectrum, with that constraint conditional on the spectral amplitude A_zeta = 10^-2.

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