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LeHaMoC: a versatile time-dependent lepto-hadronic modeling code for high-energy astrophysical sources
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Submitted 11 Aug 2023
abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review
The authors' main claim LeHaMoC is easily customized to model a variety of high-energy astrophysical sources and has the potential to become a widely utilized tool in multi-messenger astrophysics.
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The abstract, sentence by sentence
Recent associations of high-energy neutrinos with active galactic nuclei (AGN) have revived the interest in leptohadronic models of radiation from astrophysical sources. The rapid increase in the amount of acquired multi-messenger data will require soon fast numerical models that may be applied to large source samples. We develop a time-dependent leptohadronic code, LeHaMoC, that offers several notable benefits compared to other existing codes, such as versatility and speed. LeHaMoC solves the Fokker-Planck equations of photons and relativistic particles (i.e. electrons, positrons, protons, and neutrinos) produced in a homogeneous magnetized source that may also be expanding. The code utilizes a fully implicit difference scheme that allows fast computation of steady-state and dynamically evolving physical problems. We first present test cases where we compare the numerical results obtained with LeHaMoC against exact analytical solutions and numerical results computed with ATHE$\nu$A, a well-tested code of similar philosophy but different numerical implementation. We find a good agreement (within 10-30%) with the numerical results obtained with ATHE$\nu$A without evidence of systematic differences. We then demonstrate the capabilities of the code through illustrative examples. First, we fit the spectral energy distribution from a jetted AGN in the context of a synchrotron-self Compton model and a proton-synchrotron model using Bayesian inference. Second, we compute the high-energy neutrino signal and the electromagnetic cascade induced by hadronic interactions in the corona of NGC 1068. LeHaMoC is easily customized to model a variety of high-energy astrophysical sources and has the potential to become a widely utilized tool in multi-messenger astrophysics.
background contribution method result interpretation main claim
| # | sentence | role | the authors' own work | states the main conclusion | strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s0 | Recent associations of high-energy neutrinos with active galactic nuclei (AGN) have revived the interest in leptohadronic models of radiation from astrophysical sources. | background 1.00 | 0.04 | 0.03 | asserted 0.98 |
| s1 | The rapid increase in the amount of acquired multi-messenger data will require soon fast numerical models that may be applied to large source samples. | background 0.64 | 0.05 | 0.03 | hedged possibility 0.83 |
| s2 | We develop a time-dependent leptohadronic code, LeHaMoC, that offers several notable benefits compared to other existing codes, such as versatility and speed. | contribution 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.29 | asserted 0.99 |
| s3 | LeHaMoC solves the Fokker-Planck equations of photons and relativistic particles (i.e. electrons, positrons, protons, and neutrinos) produced in a homogeneous magnetized source that may also be expanding. | method 0.95 | 0.75 | 0.05 | asserted 0.94 |
| s4 | The code utilizes a fully implicit difference scheme that allows fast computation of steady-state and dynamically evolving physical problems. | method 0.99 | 0.73 | 0.05 | asserted 0.99 |
| s5 | We first present test cases where we compare the numerical results obtained with LeHaMoC against exact analytical solutions and numerical results computed with ATHE$\nu$A, a well-tested code of similar philosophy but different numerical implementation. | method 0.81 | 0.94 | 0.04 | asserted 0.84 |
| s6 | We find a good agreement (within 10-30%) with the numerical results obtained with ATHE$\nu$A without evidence of systematic differences. | result 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.13 | asserted 1.00 |
| s7 | We then demonstrate the capabilities of the code through illustrative examples. | contribution 0.79 | 0.85 | 0.04 | asserted 0.99 |
| s8 | First, we fit the spectral energy distribution from a jetted AGN in the context of a synchrotron-self Compton model and a proton-synchrotron model using Bayesian inference. | contribution 0.74 | 0.96 | 0.06 | asserted 1.00 |
| s9 | Second, we compute the high-energy neutrino signal and the electromagnetic cascade induced by hadronic interactions in the corona of NGC 1068. | contribution 0.76 | 0.95 | 0.05 | asserted 1.00 |
| s10 | LeHaMoC is easily customized to model a variety of high-energy astrophysical sources and has the potential to become a widely utilized tool in multi-messenger astrophysics. | interpretation 0.75 | 0.36 | 0.66 | hedged possibility 0.65 |
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The paper
Original abstract
Recent associations of high-energy neutrinos with active galactic nuclei (AGN) have revived the interest in leptohadronic models of radiation from astrophysical sources. The rapid increase in the amount of acquired multi-messenger data will require soon fast numerical models that may be applied to large source samples. We develop a time-dependent leptohadronic code, LeHaMoC, that offers several notable benefits compared to other existing codes, such as versatility and speed. LeHaMoC solves the Fokker-Planck equations of photons and relativistic particles (i.e. electrons, positrons, protons, and neutrinos) produced in a homogeneous magnetized source that may also be expanding. The code utilizes a fully implicit difference scheme that allows fast computation of steady-state and dynamically evolving physical problems. We first present test cases where we compare the numerical results obtained with LeHaMoC against exact analytical solutions and numerical results computed with ATHE$\nu$A, a well-tested code of similar philosophy but different numerical implementation. We find a good agreement (within 10-30%) with the numerical results obtained with ATHE$\nu$A without evidence of systematic differences. We then demonstrate the capabilities of the code through illustrative examples. First, we fit the spectral energy distribution from a jetted AGN in the context of a synchrotron-self Compton model and a proton-synchrotron model using Bayesian inference. Second, we compute the high-energy neutrino signal and the electromagnetic cascade induced by hadronic interactions in the corona of NGC 1068. LeHaMoC is easily customized to model a variety of high-energy astrophysical sources and has the potential to become a widely utilized tool in multi-messenger astrophysics.
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References
How the literature uses it
9 arXiv papers cite this in 19 sentences
Papers citing it · 11 sentences without a confident label
Uses its method or tool 4 papers
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To model the late-epoch (1000-1350 s) 40 keV - 5 TeV spectrum of the afterglow radiation of GRB 221009A, we used the Lepto-Hadronic Modeling Code [ref] .
Camelidae on BOAT: observation of a second spectral component in GRB 221009A · Methods · 1.00
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Following the framework outlined by [ref] and [ref] , we specifically utilized the leptonic component of the Lepto-Hadronic Modeling Code [ref] , [ (<https://github.com/mariapetro/LeHaMoC>) enables the calculation of energy losses in leptons due to processes like synchrotron radiation, inverse Compton (IC) scattering, synchrotron self-absorption, adiabatic losses, and photon-photon absorption.].
Detection of TeV emission during early afterglow from poorly localized GRBs with ground based IACTs · Modeling of GRB afterglow · 1.00
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For fitting the data and constructing the log-likelihood function we followed [ref] , taking into account asymmetric errors and upper limits in the Fermi data.
Application of neural networks to synchro-Compton blazar emission models · Observed SEDs · 1.00
Uses its data or values 1 paper
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We used the same dataset as [ref] .
Application of neural networks to synchro-Compton blazar emission models · Observed SEDs · 1.00
Compares with it 2 papers
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When compared to the fitting results obtained with a leptonic code, the posterior distributions of parameters obtained by the GRU and [ref] are identical in terms of median values, standard deviation and overall distribution shape as shown in the corner plot of Fig. [ref].
Application of neural networks to synchro-Compton blazar emission models · Observed SEDs · 0.98
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In addition to synchrotron cooling, this time we included Compton cooling for electrons, which increased the execution time but, after some optimizations, we were able to reach speeds (approximately a few seconds) comparable with other leptonic codes (e.g., [ref] ).
Stochastic acceleration in Extreme TeV BL Lacs through MCMC · The model · 0.83
What it cites · 1 sentence without a confident label
Cites as background 1 paper
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Many models for the neutrino and/or $γ$-ray emission of NGC 068 can be found in the literature [ref] .
High-energy neutrinos and gamma rays from winds and tori in active galactic nuclei · Electromagnetic cascades in high-energy neutrino sources · 0.99
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