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Coherent Spectral Feature Extraction Using Symmetric Autoencoders
Geophysics · Submitted 25 Sep 2023
abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review
The authors' main claim Extensive experiments across six benchmark hyperspectral datasets show that coherent features extracted by SymAE can be used to achieve state-of-the-art pixel-based classification.
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The abstract, sentence by sentence
Hyperspectral data acquired through remote sensing are invaluable for environmental and resource studies. While rich in spectral information, various complexities such as environmental conditions, material properties, and sensor characteristics can cause significant variability even among pixels belonging to the same material class. This variability poses nuisance for accurate land-cover classification and analysis. Focusing on the spectral domain, we utilize an autoencoder architecture called the symmetric autoencoder (SymAE), which leverages permutation invariant representation and stochastic regularization in tandem to disentangle class-invariant 'coherent' features from variability-causing 'nuisance' features on a pixel-by-pixel basis. This disentanglement is achieved through a purely data-driven process, without the need for hand-crafted modeling, noise distribution priors, or reference 'clean signals'. Additionally, SymAE can generate virtual spectra through manipulations in latent space. Using AVIRIS instrument data, we demonstrate these virtual spectra, offering insights on the disentanglement. Extensive experiments across six benchmark hyperspectral datasets show that coherent features extracted by SymAE can be used to achieve state-of-the-art pixel-based classification. Furthermore, we leverage these coherent features to enhance the performance of some leading spectral-spatial HSI classification methods. Our approach especially shows improvement in scenarios where training and test sets are disjoint, a common challenge in real-world applications where existing methods often struggle to maintain relatively high performance.
background contribution method result interpretation main claim
| # | sentence | role | the authors' own work | states the main conclusion | strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s0 | Hyperspectral data acquired through remote sensing are invaluable for environmental and resource studies. | background 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.02 | asserted 1.00 |
| s1 | While rich in spectral information, various complexities such as environmental conditions, material properties, and sensor characteristics can cause significant variability even among pixels belonging to the same material class. | background 0.99 | 0.09 | 0.02 | asserted 0.85 |
| s2 | This variability poses nuisance for accurate land-cover classification and analysis. | background 0.98 | 0.07 | 0.02 | asserted 0.99 |
| s3 | Focusing on the spectral domain, we utilize an autoencoder architecture called the symmetric autoencoder (SymAE), which leverages permutation invariant representation and stochastic regularization in tandem to disentangle class-invariant 'coherent' features from variability-causing 'nuisance' features on a pixel-by-pixel basis. | method 0.96 | 0.90 | 0.12 | asserted 1.00 |
| s4 | This disentanglement is achieved through a purely data-driven process, without the need for hand-crafted modeling, noise distribution priors, or reference 'clean signals'. | method 0.77 | 0.81 | 0.06 | asserted 1.00 |
| s5 | Additionally, SymAE can generate virtual spectra through manipulations in latent space. | contribution 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.04 | asserted 0.92 |
| s6 | Using AVIRIS instrument data, we demonstrate these virtual spectra, offering insights on the disentanglement. | method 0.39 | 0.96 | 0.04 | asserted 0.99 |
| s7 | Extensive experiments across six benchmark hyperspectral datasets show that coherent features extracted by SymAE can be used to achieve state-of-the-art pixel-based classification. | result 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.55 | asserted 1.00 |
| s8 | Furthermore, we leverage these coherent features to enhance the performance of some leading spectral-spatial HSI classification methods. | contribution 0.51 | 0.95 | 0.13 | asserted 0.99 |
| s9 | Our approach especially shows improvement in scenarios where training and test sets are disjoint, a common challenge in real-world applications where existing methods often struggle to maintain relatively high performance. | result 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.20 | asserted 1.00 |
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Original abstract
Hyperspectral data acquired through remote sensing are invaluable for environmental and resource studies. While rich in spectral information, various complexities such as environmental conditions, material properties, and sensor characteristics can cause significant variability even among pixels belonging to the same material class. This variability poses nuisance for accurate land-cover classification and analysis. Focusing on the spectral domain, we utilize an autoencoder architecture called the symmetric autoencoder (SymAE), which leverages permutation invariant representation and stochastic regularization in tandem to disentangle class-invariant 'coherent' features from variability-causing 'nuisance' features on a pixel-by-pixel basis. This disentanglement is achieved through a purely data-driven process, without the need for hand-crafted modeling, noise distribution priors, or reference 'clean signals'. Additionally, SymAE can generate virtual spectra through manipulations in latent space. Using AVIRIS instrument data, we demonstrate these virtual spectra, offering insights on the disentanglement. Extensive experiments across six benchmark hyperspectral datasets show that coherent features extracted by SymAE can be used to achieve state-of-the-art pixel-based classification. Furthermore, we leverage these coherent features to enhance the performance of some leading spectral-spatial HSI classification methods. Our approach especially shows improvement in scenarios where training and test sets are disjoint, a common challenge in real-world applications where existing methods often struggle to maintain relatively high performance.
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Cites as support 1 paper
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Throughout our investigations, we observed that traditional activation functions, including tanh and ReLU, exhibited susceptibility to vanishing gradient issues and the dying ReLU problem [ref] .
Dying ReLU and Initialization: Theory and Numerical Examples · Atypical training nature of SymAE and choice of activation function · 0.96
Cites as background 1 paper
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Autoencoders [ref] are comprised of two components: an encoder $$ that maps each datapoint $_i$ into latent code $_i=(_i)$, and a decoder $$ that attempts reconstruct to $_i$ from the code.
Tutorial on Variational Autoencoders · Symmetric Autoencoder · 0.99
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