System size dependence of thermodynamic variables at kinetic freeze-out in high-energy collisions using the Tsallis distribution

We use a thermodynamically consistent form of Tsallis distribution to study the dependence of various thermodynamic quantities on the system size in high-energy collisions. The charged hadron spectra obtained in $p$+$p$, $p$+Pb, Xe+Xe, and Pb+Pb collisions at LHC are used to determine the energy density, pressure, particle density, entropy density, mean free path, Knudsen number, heat capacity, isothermal compressibility, expansion coefficient, and speed of sound at the kinetic freeze-out surface. These quantities are studied as a function of the system size. Notably, the rate of increase (or decrease) in these thermodynamic variables is found to be more rapid in small systems such as $p$+$p$ and $p$+Pb collisions than in large systems such as Xe+Xe and Pb+Pb collisions. This may be due to the small volume of the hadronic system in small collision systems at kinetic freeze-out. It is observed that high-multiplicity $p$+$p$ collisions produce similar thermodynamic conditions as peripheral heavy-ion collisions at kinetic freeze-out.