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arxiv: 2403.18983 · v2 · submitted 2024-03-27 · ❄️ cond-mat.mes-hall · cond-mat.str-el

Anyon braiding and telegraph noise in a graphene interferometer

Thomas Werkmeister , James R. Ehrets , Marie E. Wesson , Danial H. Najafabadi , Kenji Watanabe , Takashi Taniguchi , Bertrand I. Halperin , Amir Yacoby
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Philip Kim
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-24 03:34 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.mes-hall cond-mat.str-el
keywords anyon braidingrandom telegraph noisefractional quantum Hallgraphene interferometerAharonov-Bohm oscillationsfilling factor 1/3anyon statistics
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The pith

A graphene interferometer reveals the anyonic braiding phase through three-state random telegraph noise at filling factors 1/3 and 4/3.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper sets out to show that anyonic exchange statistics can be read out directly from real-time noise in a quantum Hall device instead of from averaged interference patterns. The authors link three-state random telegraph noise in their graphene interferometer to discrete changes in the number of enclosed anyons, then reconstruct separate Aharonov-Bohm oscillation curves for each noise level. These curves are offset by 2π/3, matching the phase expected when an anyon braids around one additional anyon. A sympathetic reader would care because the result supplies a time-resolved signature of fractional statistics that works at both 1/3 and 4/3 and is presented as extensible to non-abelian cases.

Core claim

We observe the universal anyonic braiding phase in both the ν = 1/3 and 4/3 fractional quantum Hall states by probing three-state random telegraph noise (RTN) in real-time. We find that the observed RTN stems from anyon quasiparticle number n fluctuations and reconstruct three Aharonov-Bohm oscillation signals phase shifted by 2π/3, corresponding to the three possible interference branches from braiding around n (mod 3) anyons. Hence, we fully characterize the anyon exchange statistics using new methods that can readily extend to non-abelian states.

What carries the argument

Three-state random telegraph noise produced by anyon number n fluctuations (mod 3) inside the interferometer loop, which supplies three distinct Aharonov-Bohm traces whose mutual phase offsets directly encode the braiding phase.

If this is right

  • The anyonic braiding phase is observed at both the 1/3 and 4/3 filling factors.
  • The random telegraph noise arises specifically from quasiparticle number fluctuations inside the loop.
  • The same reconstruction procedure can be applied to characterize statistics in non-abelian states.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The real-time noise method could shorten the integration times needed in future interferometer experiments.
  • If the three states truly index n mod 3, the technique supplies a direct readout of discrete anyon occupancy.
  • Analogous telegraph-noise analysis might be tried in interferometers built from other two-dimensional electron systems.

Load-bearing premise

The three observed noise levels are produced by integer changes in the number of anyons enclosed by the loop rather than by unrelated charge motion or electrostatic shifts.

What would settle it

Reconstructing the three oscillation curves and finding phase differences that deviate from 2π/3, or finding that the noise states do not track discrete anyon number changes, would falsify the braiding interpretation.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2403.18983 by Amir Yacoby, Bertrand I. Halperin, Danial H. Najafabadi, James R. Ehrets, Kenji Watanabe, Marie E. Wesson, Philip Kim, Takashi Taniguchi, Thomas Werkmeister.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_4.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The search for anyons, quasiparticles with fractional charge and exotic exchange statistics, has inspired decades of condensed matter research. Quantum Hall interferometers enable direct observation of the anyon braiding phase via discrete interference phase jumps when the quasiparticle number changes. Here, we observe the universal anyonic braiding phase in both the $\nu = 1/3$ and $4/3$ fractional quantum Hall states by probing three-state random telegraph noise (RTN) in real-time. We find that the observed RTN stems from anyon quasiparticle number $n$ fluctuations and reconstruct three Aharonov-Bohm oscillation signals phase shifted by $2\pi/3$, corresponding to the three possible interference branches from braiding around $n$ (mod 3) anyons. Hence, we fully characterize the anyon exchange statistics using new methods that can readily extend to non-abelian states.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports real-time measurements of three-state random telegraph noise (RTN) in a graphene quantum Hall interferometer at filling factors ν=1/3 and 4/3. The authors attribute the discrete noise levels to fluctuations in the enclosed anyon number n (mod 3), reconstruct three distinct Aharonov-Bohm interference signals phase-shifted by 2π/3, and interpret this as direct observation of the universal anyonic braiding phase. The work claims this fully characterizes the exchange statistics and offers a method extensible to non-abelian states.

Significance. If the RTN attribution holds, the result supplies a concrete experimental signature of abelian anyon statistics via phase reconstruction from telegraph noise, a technique that could generalize to non-abelian anyons. The real-time probing approach and use of both 1/3 and 4/3 states add value to the FQHE literature. The significance is limited by the absence of independent verification for the noise mechanism, which is required to convert the observed phase shifts into a robust claim about braiding.

major comments (2)
  1. [Results section on RTN analysis and phase reconstruction] The central assignment that the observed three-state RTN originates from anyon number n fluctuations (mod 3) inside the interferometer loop, rather than other discrete charge or potential sources, is load-bearing for the braiding-phase claim. This assignment is made primarily by consistency with the expected 2π/3 shift (see abstract and the reconstruction paragraph following the RTN time traces); no independent discriminator such as quantized charge jumps of the fluctuators (e/3) or systematic exclusion of device-specific two-level systems is provided.
  2. [Discussion of three-state RTN and AB oscillation reconstruction] The reconstruction of the three Aharonov-Bohm branches (phase-shifted by 2π/3) assumes the mod-3 anyon-number interpretation to bin the data; without an orthogonal test (e.g., area dependence of the jump statistics or temperature scaling matching the anyon charge), the mapping from raw telegraph levels to braiding phase remains under-constrained.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Figure 2 and 3 captions] Figure captions for the RTN time traces and reconstructed oscillations should explicitly state the binning procedure and any filtering applied to the raw voltage signal.
  2. [Device schematic and methods] Notation for the anyon number n (mod 3) is introduced without a clear definition of the enclosed area or how the interferometer loop is defined in the device schematic.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the detailed review and constructive comments on our manuscript. We address each major comment below, providing clarifications on our analysis and indicating where revisions will be made.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Results section on RTN analysis and phase reconstruction] The central assignment that the observed three-state RTN originates from anyon number n fluctuations (mod 3) inside the interferometer loop, rather than other discrete charge or potential sources, is load-bearing for the braiding-phase claim. This assignment is made primarily by consistency with the expected 2π/3 shift (see abstract and the reconstruction paragraph following the RTN time traces); no independent discriminator such as quantized charge jumps of the fluctuators (e/3) or systematic exclusion of device-specific two-level systems is provided.

    Authors: We agree that the interpretation relies on the observed consistency with the expected anyonic phase shift of 2π/3, which is extracted directly from the data rather than imposed. The three discrete levels appear reproducibly in both ν=1/3 and ν=4/3, and the reconstructed branches yield phase differences that match the braiding phase for both states; unrelated two-level systems would be unlikely to produce this specific, filling-factor-independent phase relation. Direct measurement of e/3 charge jumps is not available in the present device geometry, but we will add a dedicated paragraph in the revised manuscript discussing why alternative mechanisms (e.g., potential fluctuations or unrelated TLS) are disfavored by the observed statistics and phase values. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [Discussion of three-state RTN and AB oscillation reconstruction] The reconstruction of the three Aharonov-Bohm branches (phase-shifted by 2π/3) assumes the mod-3 anyon-number interpretation to bin the data; without an orthogonal test (e.g., area dependence of the jump statistics or temperature scaling matching the anyon charge), the mapping from raw telegraph levels to braiding phase remains under-constrained.

    Authors: The binning into three states follows directly from the distinct, long-lived levels visible in the raw time traces; the phase shifts are then obtained by separate Fourier analysis of each binned subset, yielding 2π/3 without presupposing the anyon model. The same phase difference appears at both filling factors, providing an internal consistency check. We acknowledge that area- or temperature-dependent tests would further constrain the mechanism and will expand the discussion section to outline such possible future measurements while noting that the current phase reconstruction already matches the universal anyonic prediction. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; experimental confirmation uses independent theoretical phase value.

full rationale

The paper reports an experimental observation of three-state RTN in a quantum Hall interferometer and attributes it to anyon number fluctuations by reconstructing Aharonov-Bohm oscillations whose measured phase shifts match the established 2π/3 value from FQHE braiding theory. This value is not fitted or defined from the present dataset; it is an external prediction used to interpret the data. No self-definitional equations, fitted inputs renamed as predictions, or load-bearing self-citations appear in the abstract or described chain. The central claim remains a test against independent theory rather than a reduction to the authors' own parameters or prior unverified results.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The claim depends on standard fractional quantum Hall theory for the expected phase and on the unverified mapping of telegraph noise to anyon number; no new entities are introduced.

axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Anyons at ν=1/3 and 4/3 possess exchange statistics of 2π/3
    Invoked when assigning the observed phase shift to braiding; standard result from composite-fermion or Laughlin wavefunction theory.
  • domain assumption Observed three-level RTN arises exclusively from changes in enclosed anyon number n mod 3
    Central interpretive step stated in the abstract; required to link noise levels to distinct interference branches.

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Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Photo-assisted shot noise probes multiple charge carriers in quantum Hall edges

    cond-mat.mes-hall 2025-02 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    Photo-assisted shot noise can detect different tunneling charges in the ν=2/3 fractional quantum Hall state even when one tunneling amplitude is much smaller than the other.

Reference graph

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