An Empirical Comparison of Methods to Produce Business Statistics Using Non-Probability Data

There is a growing trend among statistical agencies to explore non-probability data sources for producing more timely and detailed statistics, while reducing costs and respondent burden. Coverage and measurement error are two issues that may be present in such data. The imperfections may be corrected using available information relating to the population of interest, such as a census or a reference probability sample. In this paper, we compare a wide range of existing methods for producing population estimates using a non-probability dataset through a simulation study based on a realistic business population. The study was conducted to examine the performance of the methods under different missingness and data quality assumptions. The results confirm the ability of the methods examined to address selection bias. When no measurement error is present in the non-probability dataset, a screening dual-frame approach for the probability sample tends to yield lower sample size and mean squared error results. The presence of measurement error and/or nonignorable missingness increases mean squared errors for estimators that depend heavily on the non-probability data. In this case, the best approach tends to be to fall back to a model-assisted estimator based on the probability sample.