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The Manhattan Suite: Accelerated galaxy evolution in the early Universe
Astrophysics of Galaxies · Submitted 10 Jun 2024
abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review
The authors' main claim I present an argument that the high redshift, massive galaxies discovered over the last decade are really the most massive galaxies within protocluster-cores of galaxy clusters at $z\sim2$, and that they are the partial descendants of same galaxies discovered by JWST at $z\sim9$.
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The abstract, sentence by sentence
Observational advances have allowed the detection of galaxies, protoclusters, and galaxy clusters at higher and higher redshifts, opening a new view into extreme galaxy evolution. I present an argument that the high redshift, massive galaxies discovered over the last decade are really the most massive galaxies within protocluster-cores of galaxy clusters at $z\sim2$, and that they are the partial descendants of same galaxies discovered by JWST at $z\sim9$. To that end, I present $\textit{The Manhattan Suite}$, a set of $100$ high resolution zoom-in simulations of the most massive galaxy clusters, out to $9\,R_\mathrm{vir}$, selected at $z = 2$ from a ($1.5\,\mathrm{cGpc})^3$ parent volume, and simulated using the $\textit{Simba}$ model. Unlike other cluster suites, my selection at $z = 2$ ensures that these systems are biased in a similar fashion to observations, in that they should be the brightest and the most massive by construction at $z \gtrsim 2$. I show that my sample is able to reproduce extremely star-bursting protoclusters such as SPT2349-56, high redshift galaxy clusters XLSSC122 and JKCS0249, and the wealth of massive (sometimes quenched) galaxies at $z \gtrsim 3$ and up to $z \sim 9$. I argue that these systems are intimately linked, and represent the same evolutionary history.
background contribution method result interpretation main claim
| # | sentence | role | the authors' own work | states the main conclusion | strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s0 | Observational advances have allowed the detection of galaxies, protoclusters, and galaxy clusters at higher and higher redshifts, opening a new view into extreme galaxy evolution. | background 1.00 | 0.05 | 0.03 | asserted 1.00 |
| s1 | I present an argument that the high redshift, massive galaxies discovered over the last decade are really the most massive galaxies within protocluster-cores of galaxy clusters at $z\sim2$, and that they are the partial descendants of same galaxies discovered by JWST at $z\sim9$. | interpretation 0.84 | 0.49 | 0.83 | asserted 0.82 |
| s2 | To that end, I present $\textit{The Manhattan Suite}$, a set of $100$ high resolution zoom-in simulations of the most massive galaxy clusters, out to $9\,R_\mathrm{vir}$, selected at $z = 2$ from a ($1.5\,\mathrm{cGpc})^3$ parent volume, and simulated using the $\textit{Simba}$ model. | method 0.84 | 0.96 | 0.04 | asserted 0.97 |
| s3 | Unlike other cluster suites, my selection at $z = 2$ ensures that these systems are biased in a similar fashion to observations, in that they should be the brightest and the most massive by construction at $z \gtrsim 2$. | method 0.75 | 0.86 | 0.04 | asserted 0.86 |
| s4 | I show that my sample is able to reproduce extremely star-bursting protoclusters such as SPT2349-56, high redshift galaxy clusters XLSSC122 and JKCS0249, and the wealth of massive (sometimes quenched) galaxies at $z \gtrsim 3$ and up to $z \sim 9$. | result 1.00 | 0.90 | 0.18 | asserted 1.00 |
| s5 | I argue that these systems are intimately linked, and represent the same evolutionary history. | interpretation 1.00 | 0.49 | 0.49 | asserted 0.93 |
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The paper
Original abstract
Observational advances have allowed the detection of galaxies, protoclusters, and galaxy clusters at higher and higher redshifts, opening a new view into extreme galaxy evolution. I present an argument that the high redshift, massive galaxies discovered over the last decade are really the most massive galaxies within protocluster-cores of galaxy clusters at $z\sim2$, and that they are the partial descendants of same galaxies discovered by JWST at $z\sim9$. To that end, I present $\textit{The Manhattan Suite}$, a set of $100$ high resolution zoom-in simulations of the most massive galaxy clusters, out to $9\,R_\mathrm{vir}$, selected at $z = 2$ from a ($1.5\,\mathrm{cGpc})^3$ parent volume, and simulated using the $\textit{Simba}$ model. Unlike other cluster suites, my selection at $z = 2$ ensures that these systems are biased in a similar fashion to observations, in that they should be the brightest and the most massive by construction at $z \gtrsim 2$. I show that my sample is able to reproduce extremely star-bursting protoclusters such as SPT2349-56, high redshift galaxy clusters XLSSC122 and JKCS0249, and the wealth of massive (sometimes quenched) galaxies at $z \gtrsim 3$ and up to $z \sim 9$. I argue that these systems are intimately linked, and represent the same evolutionary history.
Human review
References
How the literature uses it
9 arXiv papers cite this in 16 sentences
Papers citing it · 12 sentences without a confident label
Uses its method or tool 1 paper
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To understand the covering fraction, infall and the physical state of the cold gas surrounding these early galaxy proto-clusters, we employ a range of simulations (Methods) that allow us to probe the neutral gas permeating such massive galaxy overdensities [ref] .
A massive, neutral gas reservoir permeating a galaxy proto-cluster after the reionization era · Main Text · 0.90
Cites it as support 1 paper
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Conversely, we stress again that a population of young (age $≤$ 10 Myr), blue ($β∼-2$) galaxies with higher sSFR exists among all density regimes, indicating that star formation is actively proceeding in all areas of the protocluster, as it should according to simulations [ref] .
A Quasar-Anchored Protocluster at z=6.6 in the ASPIRE Survey: II. An Environmental Analysis of Galaxy Properties in an Overdense Structure · Overall Trends · 0.96
Cites it as background 2 papers
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Significant interest has also developed into the fates of these extreme objects, for example whether they go on to form the cores of the most massive galaxies in the local Universe (e.g., [ref] ).
The JWST EXCELS survey: The ages and abundances of $3<z<5$ massive quiescent galaxies show that downsizing was already in place by $z\simeq4$ · Introduction · 0.93
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There is also interest in the extent to which the earliest massive galaxies go on to form the most massive galaxies in the cores of local galaxy clusters (e.g., see [ref] ).
The JWST EXCELS survey: Too much, too young, too fast? Ultra-massive quiescent galaxies at 3 < z < 5 · Introduction · 0.86
What it cites · 16 sentences without a confident label
Uses data or values from 5 papers
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There are several examples of spectroscopically confirmed massive galaxies at high redshift from recent JWST surveys such as RUBIES (JWST-GO-4233; PI de Graaff; $∼10^11$ at $z∼5$ from [ref] ), UNCOVER ( [ref] ; $∼2×10^10$ at $z∼4$ from [ref] ), and COSMOS-Web ( [ref] ; $∼10^12$ from [ref] , photometric redshift $z∼7$).
Efficient formation of a massive quiescent galaxy at redshift 4.9 · Unraveling rarity · 0.80
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There are several examples of spectroscopically confirmed massive galaxies at high redshift from recent JWST surveys such as RUBIES (JWST-GO-4233; PI de Graaff; $∼10^11$ at $z∼5$ from [ref] ), UNCOVER ( [ref] ; $∼2×10^10$ at $z∼4$ from [ref] ), and COSMOS-Web ( [ref] ; $∼10^12$ from [ref] , photometric redshift $z∼7$).
The JWST UNCOVER Treasury survey: Ultradeep NIRSpec and NIRCam ObserVations before the Epoch of Reionization · Unraveling rarity · 0.80
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There are several examples of spectroscopically confirmed massive galaxies at high redshift from recent JWST surveys such as RUBIES (JWST-GO-4233; PI de Graaff; $∼10^11$ at $z∼5$ from [ref] ), UNCOVER ( [ref] ; $∼2×10^10$ at $z∼4$ from [ref] ), and COSMOS-Web ( [ref] ; $∼10^12$ from [ref] , photometric redshift $z∼7$).
UNCOVER NIRSpec/PRISM Spectroscopy Unveils Evidence of Early Core Formation in a Massive, Centrally Dusty Quiescent Galaxy at $z_{spec}=3.97$ · Unraveling rarity · 0.80
Compares with 3 papers
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For comparison, I show the estimated masses and redshifts for several extreme galaxies from, in chronological order: [ref] .
Efficient formation of a massive quiescent galaxy at redshift 4.9 · Monsters at high redshift? · 0.84
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For comparison, I show the estimated masses and redshifts for several extreme galaxies from, in chronological order: [ref] .
The JWST EXCELS survey: Too much, too young, too fast? Ultra-massive quiescent galaxies at 3 < z < 5 · Monsters at high redshift? · 0.84
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For comparison, I show the estimated masses and redshifts for several extreme galaxies from, in chronological order: [ref] .
Accelerated Formation of Ultra-Massive Galaxies in the First Billion Years · Monsters at high redshift? · 0.84
Cites as support 1 paper
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For example, TNG-Cluster has hundreds of $> 10^15$ galaxy clusters at $z = 0$ but we know from [ref] , [ref] , and [ref] that the halo mass at $z = 0$ is not a good indicator of the extremely starbursting protoclusters that we observe in the Universe.
The FLAMINGO simulation view of cluster progenitors observed in the epoch of reionization with JWST · Weaving the Thread · 0.99
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