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Difference-in-Differences when Parallel Trends Holds Conditional on Covariates

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arxiv 2406.15288 v3 pith:LSKJ5PFX submitted 2024-06-21 econ.EM

classification econ.EM
keywords covariatesbiasconditionaldifference-in-differenceseffectsestimationfixedhidden
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We consider difference-in-differences identification and estimation strategies when the parallel trends assumption holds conditional on covariates, which can be time-varying, time-invariant, or both. We uncover several weaknesses of two-way fixed effects (TWFE) regressions in this context. The most important, which we call \textit{hidden linearity bias}, arises because transformations that eliminate unit fixed effects also transform the covariates, either implicitly changing the identification strategy or relying on correct model specification. We provide diagnostics for assessing a TWFE regression's susceptibility to hidden linearity bias and propose alternative estimation strategies that circumvent these issues.

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Cited by 2 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Omitted variable bias sensitivity analysis with clustered treatment assignment

    stat.ME 2026-07 accept novelty 7.0 of 10

    A correction for Cinelli-Hazlett sensitivity analysis in clustered designs: scale the outcome-confounding partial R² by the between-group residual variance share (η²) to avoid counting irrelevant within-group variation.

  2. Good Controls Gone Bad: Difference-in-Differences with Covariates

    econ.EM 2024-12 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    The paper introduces the common causal covariates (CCC) assumption and a saturated 'DID-INT' estimator that is unbiased when covariate effects vary by group and time, but the heterogeneity claim is not proven.

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