Electrical detection in two-terminal perpendicularly magnetized devices via geometric anomalous Nernst effect

The non-uniform current distribution arisen from either current crowding effect or hot spot effect provides a method to tailor the interaction between thermal gradient and electron transport in magnetically ordered systems. Here we apply the device structural engineering to realize an in-plane inhomogeneous temperature distribution within the conduction channel, and the resulting geometric anomalous Nernst effect (GANE) gives rise to a non-zero 2nd -harmonic resistance whose polarity corresponds to the out-of-plane magnetization of Co/Pt multi-layer thin film, and its amplitude is linearly proportional to the applied current. By optimizing the aspect ratio of convex-shaped device, the effective temperature gradient can reach up to 0.3 K/$\mu$m along the y-direction, leading to a GANE signal of 28.3 $\mu$V. Moreover, we demonstrate electrical write and read operations in the perpendicularly-magnetized Co/Pt-based spin-orbit torque device with a simple two-terminal structure. Our results unveil a new pathway to utilize thermoelectric effects for constructing high-density magnetic memories