Pervaporation-driven electrokinetic energy harvesting using poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic chips

C\'edric Ayela; Hrishikesh Pingulkar; Jean-Baptiste Salmon

REVIEW 2 major objections 5 minor 48 references

Pervaporation-driven electrokinetic energy harvesting using poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic chips

T0 review · 2 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-12 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read The paper reports the first experimental evidence that pervaporation-driven flow through a colloidal plug generates electrical power, with output rising with evaporation area until cavitation in the PDMS leaf stops it.

desk verdict First clean proof-of-concept of the series config; the cavitation limit is plausible but needs a direct pressure measurement. read the letter →

arxiv 2411.15226 v1 pith:4YY26XF5 submitted 2024-11-21 cond-mat.soft physics.flu-dyn

Hrishikesh Pingulkar , Cédric Ayela , Jean-Baptiste Salmon This is my paper · ORCID

classification cond-mat.softphysics.flu-dyn

keywords electrokineticenergyharvestingpervaporationPDMSmicrofluidicsstreamingpotentialcavitationartificialleavescolloidalplugevaporation-drivenflow

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper sets out to prove that a passive evaporation-driven flow can be converted into electrical power when the conversion element sits upstream of the evaporating surface, and that the harvested power grows with the evaporation area until the water inside the evaporating element cavitates. The authors build PDMS artificial leaves whose pervaporation pulls water through a packed colloidal plug, generating a streaming potential. They report the first experimental evidence of electrokinetic conversion from pervaporation-induced flows, with the output following $P_e = \varepsilon R_h Q^2$ as leaves are added in parallel. The key limit is intrinsic: cavitation in the PDMS leaf occurs whenever the leaf pressure estimated by $P_\text{leaf} = P_i - R_h Q$ approaches $0$ bar, stopping the flow and capping the harvestable power.

What carries the argument

The two building blocks are the pervaporation-driven leaf and the colloidal-plug converter. The leaf is a PDMS chip with $N=79$ parallel dead-end microchannels ($h=30\,\mu$m, $w=50\,\mu$m, $L=4$ cm) in a $200\,\mu$m-thick membrane, whose pervaporation rate is described by a 1D screening limit $Q_\text{lim} \simeq (LW/\delta)\,\tilde{q}(1-R_H)$ with a geometric prefactor $\alpha \simeq 0.5$ verified by numerical resolution. The converter is a close-packed plug of charged polystyrene colloids of hydraulic resistance $R_h$ that produces a streaming current $S_\text{str}\Delta P$ and is described by the equivalent-circuit relation $V = R_C R_L S_\text{str}\Delta P/(R_C+R_L)$. The design identity that carries the argument is $P_e = \varepsilon R_h Q^2$: the power scales with the square of the passively driven flow rate. Cavitation is the counter-term: when $P_\text{leaf} = P_i - R_h Q$ crosses zero, bubbles nucleate in the PDMS leaves and terminate the flow.

What would settle it

Embed a miniature pressure sensor or pressure tap directly inside the PDMS leaf while recording flow rate and cavitation onset; if bubbles first appear when the directly measured leaf pressure is well below 0 bar, or if the pressure estimated from $P_i - R_h Q$ disagrees with the sensor at onset, the claim that cavitation is triggered exactly at $P_\text{leaf}\simeq 0$ fails. Alternatively, vary $R_h$ systematically and check whether cavitation always occurs at the same estimated $P_\text{leaf}$ rather than at a fixed $Q$ or $\Delta P$.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

On its own terms, the paper claims that the series configuration, with the evaporator upstream and the converter downstream, works and can be scaled by area. Connecting one, two, and five PDMS pervaporation leaves in parallel to a colloid-plug converter produced streaming potentials whose normalized response $V/\Delta P$ versus load resistance collapses onto the same curve as mechanically imposed flows, with conversion efficiency $\varepsilon \simeq 0.14\%$ and an output power of about $0.18$ nW for five leaves. Because the measured flow rate scales linearly with the pervaporation area and the hydraulic resistance of the plug is fixed, the output follows $P_e = \varepsilon R_h Q^2$, so adding leaves increases harvested power. The increase stops when the estimated water pressure inside the leaf reaches $P_\text{leaf} \simeq 0$ bar: bubbles form, pervaporation stops, and the flow rate drops to zero. This is presented as the first direct demonstration of electrokinetic energy harvesting from pervaporation-driven flows, together with the design rule that the maximum sustainable flow is set by the cavitation threshold of the driving element, $Q_\text{max} = P_\text{cav}/R_h$.

Load-bearing premise

The claim that cavitation always happens exactly at $P_\text{leaf} \simeq 0$ bar rests on the assumption that leaf pressure is accurately given by $P_\text{leaf} = P_i - R_h Q$ with the separately measured $R_h$ unchanged during pervaporation and under negative pressure; if channel deformation changes $R_h$, the apparent threshold could be an artifact of the pressure estimate.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

Enlarging the pervaporation surface or raising the converter's hydraulic resistance increases harvested power quadratically in $Q$, so the series architecture is a viable route to scale up evaporation-driven harvesting.
In any passive series system, the maximum sustainable flow is $Q = P_\text{cav}/R_h$; cavitation in the flow-driving element is an intrinsic limit, not a defect of this particular chip.
Hydrogel-based leaves, being hydrophilic and capable of stable negative pressures, could shift $P_\text{cav}$ below 0 bar and thereby increase the harvestable power.
The collapse of the pervaporation-driven data onto the mechanically driven characterization curve confirms that the same electrokinetic conversion mechanism is at work in both cases.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

Editorial extension: because the load resistance used ($R_L \le 10$ M$\Omega$) stayed below the converter's internal resistance ($R_C \simeq 25$ M$\Omega$), the reported $\varepsilon \simeq 0.14\%$ understates the element's efficiency; matching the load would raise the efficiency but would not alter the cavitation limit.
Editorial extension: the paper's pressure model could be checked directly by embedding a pressure sensor in the leaf; if the leaf deforms under tension, $R_h$ changes and the statement that cavitation occurs exactly at $P_\text{leaf}\simeq 0$ would need revision.
Editorial extension: the same series architecture suggests a general materials rule, pair a high-$R_h$ converter with a driving material whose cavitation pressure is as negative as possible, and predicts that per-area output saturates once $Q = P_\text{cav}/R_h$ is reached.

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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

Colleague,

The paper is a genuine proof of concept: it is the first quantitative demonstration that the separated driver/converter configuration Yaroshchuk proposed actually works. The key evidence is Fig. 7: the streaming potentials measured under pervaporation collapse onto the same Eq. 4 curve as the mechanically driven calibration, and the inferred PDMS permeability q~ matches literature values. The scaling of flow rate and power with the number of leaves is clean. That part is solid.

The cavitation limit is a nice observation but softer. It rests entirely on Eq. 5, Pleaf = Pi - RhQ, with Rh measured once at 8 bar and assumed unchanged. The plug is rigid, so that assumption is reasonable, but there are no error bars on Q or Rh, and the leaf itself visibly deforms. A 15% uncertainty in either would shift Pleaf by ~0.35 bar, which is enough to make 'systematically at 0 bar' less sharp. The paper also says the limit is at DeltaP ~ 1 bar in the intro/conclusion, but the actual cavitation event in Fig. 9 occurs at DeltaP ~ 2.4 bar; that's a wording inconsistency, not a fatal one, since the physical claim is Pleaf ~ 0.

The dissolved-air alternative is not fully excluded. The high-pressure pre-fill should have removed some gas, but the authors don't report a control with degassed water or a direct leaf pressure measurement. So I read the cavitation threshold as plausible, not proven.

The omitted salt-concentration screening is disclosed, which is honest. I would have liked the raw data with error bars, but for a proof of concept the current level of detail is acceptable.

Who is this for? Researchers working on evaporation-driven energy harvesting, microfluidic passive pumping, and anyone using PDMS pervaporation as a pump. The paper deserves a serious referee: the central demonstration is reproducible and the cavitation claim can be tested with relatively simple additional experiments. I would send it to review, and ask the authors to address the pressure estimate and the DeltaP wording in revision.

Referee Report

2 major / 5 minor

Summary. This paper reports an experimental validation of a series ('upstream conversion') configuration for evaporation-driven electrokinetic energy harvesting. A PDMS chip with 79 parallel dead-end channels serves as an artificial leaf driving a pervaporation flow; the flow passes through a packed polystyrene colloidal plug whose streaming potential is collected across a load resistance. The authors characterize the leaf (flow rate linear in the number of leaves, consistent with the Dollet/Noblin pervaporation model, with an inferred PDMS water transport coefficient q̃ ≈ 0.4 µm²/s matching literature), the plug's hydraulic and electrokinetic parameters (Rh ≈ 1 bar min/µL, Sstr ≈ 25 nA/bar, RC ≈ 25 MΩ, efficiency ε ≈ 0.14%), and the coupled system: pervaporation-driven streaming data collapse onto the same Eq. (4) parameters as mechanically driven flows, and the harvested power reaches Pe ≈ 0.18 nW for five leaves, scaling as Pe = εPh. In a second configuration with a high-resistance plug (Rh ≈ 33 bar min/µL) and imposed inlet pressure Pi, the authors infer the leaf pressure from Pleaf = Pi − RhQ and observe bubble formation when Pleaf ≈ 0 bar, which they attribute to cavitation and present as an intrinsic limit (Qmax = Pcav/Rh) for this configuration.

Significance. The central demonstration is genuinely quantitative and largely free of circularity: the pervaporation-driven data in Fig. 7(a) collapse onto the streaming-potential curve of Eq. (4) using parameters (Sstr, RC) determined from independent mechanically imposed flow experiments, and the design rule Pe = εRhQ² is validated. The inferred q̃ ≈ 0.4 µm²/s provides an external consistency check against the pervaporation literature, and the measurement of ε = Pe/Ph in a passively driven evaporation system requires measuring both Q and ΔP, which few evaporation-harvesting studies achieve. If the cavitation-threshold claim holds, the paper contributes a practically important design constraint. However, the threshold claim is the least supported element: it depends on an indirect pressure estimate with no propagated uncertainties, and the identification of vapor cavitation is not distinguished from dissolved-air exsolution. These issues are fixable with targeted controls; the electrokinetic harvesting result is not affected by them.

major comments (2)

[Sec. III.D, Eq. (5), Fig. 9] The central claim that cavitation occurs 'systematically as soon as Pleaf ≈ 0 bar' rests entirely on the indirect estimate Pleaf = Pi − RhQ (Eq. 5). Here Rh = 33 bar min/µL was measured once, under Pi = 8 bar with the plug outlet at atmospheric pressure, and is assumed unchanged when the outlet is a dead-end PDMS leaf and the flow rate is 5–15 times lower (Q ≈ 4–9 µL/h, i.e., 0.07–0.15 µL/min on a 0–1.5 µL/min flow sensor). The linearity check in Fig. 6(a) was performed on a different plug (Rt = 0.5 mm, Lp ≈ 2 cm), so the pressure independence of Rh for the long, thin plug of Fig. 9 is not directly established. No error bars are reported for Q, Rh, or Pleaf; at Q ≈ 4.3 µL/h, a 15% uncertainty in either Q or Rh shifts Pleaf by ≈0.35 bar, enough to move the threshold from 0 to a clearly positive or negative value. Because the 0-bar threshold is the paper's principal new insight, the authors should propagate measurement uncertainties, verify Rh for the specific plug used in Fig. 9 over the relevant range, and ideally measure Pleaf directly (a control with Pleaf imposed by a pressure controller is mentioned in Sec. III.D, suggesting this is feasible). The stated repetition with 'several different leaves' should also be documented with data.
[Sec. III.D and Sec. IV (Conclusion)] The bubbles observed at Pleaf ≈ 0 bar are attributed to vapor cavitation, but the experiments do not exclude exsolution of dissolved air, and the identification matters for the 'intrinsic limit' conclusion in Sec. IV. In the Fig. 9 protocol the water is held at Pi = 8 bar for several hours in contact with the gas phase of the pressure controller before the ramp; water equilibrated at 8 bar contains up to about eight times its 1-atm dissolved-gas concentration, so after decompression the leaf, at Pleaf ≈ 0 (1 atm absolute), is strongly supersaturated and air exsolution there is expected. This would produce bubbles at approximately Pleaf ≈ 0 gauge without any cavitation, consistent with the observation that the threshold is 'systematically' zero across repeated runs, whereas true vapor cavitation at 1 atm absolute would require heterogeneous nucleation under essentially zero tension. A concrete discriminating test is to repeat the pressure ramp with thoroughly degassed water, and/or to probe the gas content of the bubbles (for example, their growth/dissolution response to small pressure changes). If the bubbles are dissolved gas, the limit is not intrinsic and the concluding claim that 'whatever the cavitation threshold... cavitation always limits' the configuration would need to be substantially qualified.

minor comments (5)

[Sec. I and Sec. IV] The paper states that cavitation occurs when the pressure drop reaches ΔP ≈ 1 bar, but the experiment in Fig. 9 shows bubble formation at Pi = 2.4 bar with Pleaf ≈ 0, i.e., ΔP ≈ 2.4 bar; the '1 bar' statement is only the design point for Pi = 1 bar and should be rephrased accordingly.
[Sec. III.A] Typo: 'more informations' should be 'more information'; also, 'Carman-Koseny' (Sec. III.B, Eq. 3) is conventionally spelled 'Kozeny-Carman'.
[Sec. II.B and Fig. 9] No accuracy specifications are given for the flow meters, and the Fig. 9 flow rates (0.07–0.15 µL/min) lie near the bottom of the XS sensor's 0–1.5 µL/min range; the manufacturer's accuracy or an in-house calibration should be reported, since Q enters the central pressure estimate of Eq. (5).
[Sec. III.B and Fig. 7(b)] The uncertainty in RC (25 ± 5 MΩ) and the fact that all load resistances satisfy RL < RC are acknowledged, but the corresponding uncertainty in ε and thus in the predicted power line of Fig. 7(b) is not propagated; a short propagation of errors would strengthen the quantitative claim.
[Fig. 7(a)] Rather than only visually comparing the pervaporation-driven data with the Eq. (4) curve fitted to mechanically driven data, fitting the pervaporation data alone (or reporting residuals) would quantify the claimed collapse and the 'same parameters' statement.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 2.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the central EK-pervaporation demonstration uses independently characterized Rh, Sstr, RC and measured Q/V; the single self-citation is not load-bearing.

full rationale

The paper's derivation chain is experimentally self-contained. The pervaporation flow rate vs leaf number (Fig. 5b) is measured and compared with the external Dollet/Noblin scaling, yielding an independent estimate of q~0.4 um2/s. The EK element is characterized separately under imposed pressure (Fig. 6), giving Rh, Sstr, RC, and epsilon=0.14%. In the coupled pervaporation experiments (Fig. 7), V is measured directly and DeltaP is computed from independently measured Rh and Q; the collapse onto Eq. (4) with the previously fitted parameters is a genuine cross-validation, not a fit to the target result. The cavitation claim (Sec. III.D) uses Eq. (5), Pleaf ~ Pi - RhQ, with Rh measured from an 8-bar plug characterization and Q read from the flow meter; the onset Pleaf~0 is an inferred output, so the observation of bubbles is an independent event, not a constructed equivalence. The main robustness caveats are that Pleaf is not directly measured, Rh is assumed unchanged under pervaporation and at low leaf pressure, and the Sec. III.C DeltaP values use leaf-only Q values from Fig. 5(b); these are model-dependence and uncertainty concerns, not circularity. The only self-citation is Ref. 34 (Bacchin, Leng, Salmon) used for secondary solute-accumulation estimates; those estimates are corroborated by direct observation of steady Q over hundreds of minutes and do not support the central energy-conversion or cavitation claims. Score 2 reflects the one minor, non-load-bearing self-citation and an otherwise independent derivation.

Assumptions & free parameters 5 free parameters · 7 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on three kinds of input: prior pervaporation scaling laws (Dollet, Noblin), the standard streaming-potential equivalent circuit, and a set of measured or fitted parameters (Rh, Sstr, RC) characterizing the colloid plug. The paper introduces no new theoretical entities such as new forces, particles, or conserved quantities. The weakest link is Eq. (5), where the cavitation threshold is inferred from an indirect pressure estimate rather than from a direct pressure measurement.

free parameters (5)

PDMS water transport coefficient q~ = ~0.4 µm^2/s (inferred; literature range ~0.5)
Inferred from the linear fit of Q/(1-RH) vs number of leaves in Fig. 5(b) using Q ~ alpha*Qlim; used for quantitative flow design, but the linear scaling itself is the central observation.
Numerical screening prefactor alpha = ~0.5
Computed from numerical resolution of pervaporation screening for N=79 channels, d=500 µm, H=200 µm; converts Qlim to actual leaf flow and is used in the q~ inference.
Streaming conductance Sstr = ~25 nA/bar
Best fit of V/DeltaP vs RL to Eq. (4) in Fig. 6(c); used to show collapse of pervaporation-driven data in Fig. 7(a).
Internal electrical resistance RC of colloid plug = ~25 +/- 5 MOhm (main plug); ~4.1 MOhm (short plug)
From the same Eq. (4) fit; controls output power and explains the RL < RC limitation in the experiments.
Hydraulic resistance Rh of colloid plug = ~1 bar min/µL (2 cm plug); ~33 bar min/µL (6 cm plug)
Linear fits to imposed-pressure flow measurements; used in Eq. (5) to estimate leaf pressure and thus the cavitation threshold.

assumptions (7)

domain assumption Pervaporation-driven flow in a single dead-end PDMS channel follows Qi = q~ * F * L * (1-RH) (Eq. 1, from Dollet et al. 2019).
Basis for leaf design and for interpreting measured Q; taken from prior theory, not re-derived.
domain assumption Parallel channel pervaporation saturates to Qlim = L * W / delta * q~ * (1-RH) (Eq. 2, from Noblin et al. 2008), with prefactor alpha ~ 0.5 for the present geometry.
Used to relate the 79-channel leaf flow to area and to infer q~ from measured Q.
domain assumption Hydraulic permeability of the random close-packed colloid plug follows the Carman-Kozeny relation, kappa_CK = a^2 * (1-phi_d)^3 / (45*phi_d^2), with phi_d = 0.64 (Eq. 3).
Used to design plug length and to cross-check the measured Rh.
standard math Streaming potential in the plug follows the equivalent circuit V = RC * RL / (RC + RL) * Sstr * DeltaP (Eq. 4).
Standard electrokinetic model from Osterle and Van Der Heyden; used to fit Sstr and RC and to compare mechanically driven and pervaporation-driven flows.
domain assumption Leaf pressure is uniform and related to inlet pressure by Pleaf ~ Pi - RhQ (Eq. 5), with plug resistance dominating all other hydraulic resistances.
Load-bearing for the cavitation claim; if channel resistance or pressure-induced deformation contributes significantly, the inferred Pleaf ~ 0 threshold shifts.
domain assumption Ambient humidity is captured by a global 1-RH rescaling, and RH was in the 0.4-0.5 range during experiments.
Used in Fig. 5(b) to combine data taken at different ambient humidity.
domain assumption Solute accumulation at dead-end channel tips is negligible over experimental timescales, based on the advection-diffusion estimate in Sec. III.A.
Ensures pervaporation rates remain constant throughout the EK experiments.

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Pith. "Pith review of Pervaporation-driven electrokinetic energy harvesting using poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic chips." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/4YY26XF5

@misc{pith2026241115226,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Pervaporation-driven electrokinetic energy harvesting using poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic chips},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/4YY26XF5}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2411.15226}
}

abstract

Electrokinetic energy harvesting from evaporation-driven flows in porous materials has recently been the subject of numerous studies, particularly with the development of nanomaterials with high conversion efficiencies. The configuration in which the energy conversion element is located upstream of the element which passively drives the evaporative flow has rarely been studied. However, this configuration offers the possibility of increasing the harvested energy simply by increasing the evaporation surface area and/or the hydraulic resistance of the energy conversion element. In this work, we investigate this configuration with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) chips playing the role of {\it artificial leaves} driving a pervaporation-induced flow through a polystyrene colloid plug in a submillimetre tube for the energy conversion. With an appropriate design of the venation of the PDMS leaves, we report the first experimental evidence of electrokinetic energy conversion from pervaporation-induced flows, which increases with the pervaporation area. We also provide new insights by demonstrating that this increase is limited by cavitation within the PDMS leaves, which occurs systematically as soon as the water pressure inside the leaf reaches $P_\text{leaf} \simeq 0$~bar. Whatever the cavitation threshold, this phenomenon imposes an intrinsic limit on this configuration, underlining the need for innovative strategies to improve the harvesting of electrokinetic energy by evaporation.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2411.15226 by the authors.

**Figure 2.** FIG. 2. EK energy harvesting from pervaporation-driven flows in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_2.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** FIG. 3. EK conversion element. (a) Millifluidic assembly showing [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_3.png] view at source ↗

Figures from the paper (4 more)

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: FIG. 5. (a) Schematic perspective and sectional views of the PDMS [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_5.png]

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: FIG. 6. Characterisation of the EK conversion element. (a) Flow [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_6.png]

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: FIG. 8. The pressure drop [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_8.png]

**Figure 9.** Figure 9: FIG. 9. Pervaporation-induced cavitation in a PDMS leaf. Flow rates [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_9.png]

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

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author author Y. Qin , author Y. Wang , author X. Sun , author Y. Li , author H. Xu , author Y. Tan , author Y. Li , author T. Song , \ and\ author B. Sun ,\ title title Constant Electricity Generation in Nanostructured Silicon by Evaporation‐Driven Water Flow , \ @noop journa...

2020
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author author J. Bae , author M. S. \ Kim , author T. Oh , author B. L. \ Suh , author T. G. \ Yun , author S. Lee , author K. Hur , author Y. Gogotsi , author C. M. \ Koo , \ and\ author I. D. \ Kim ,\ title title Towards Watt-scale hydroelectric energy harvesting by Ti3C2TX-...

2022
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2018
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author author A. Yaroshchuk ,\ title title Evaporation-driven electrokinetic energy conversion: Critical review, parametric analysis and perspectives , \ @noop journal journal Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. \ volume 305 ,\ pages 102708 ( year 2022 ) NoStop

2022
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2014
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author author K. H. \ Jensen , author K. Berg-S rensen , author H. Bruus , author N. M. \ Holbrook , author J. Liesche , author A. Schulz , author M. A. \ Zwieniecki , \ and\ author T. Bohr ,\ title title Sap flow and sugar transport in plants , \ @noop journal journal Rev. Mo...

2016
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2004
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2005
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2022
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2008
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author author K. Saha , author J. Deka , \ and\ author K. Raidongia ,\ title title Energy from the Nanofluidic Transport of Water through Nanochannels between Packed Silica Spheres , \ @noop journal journal ACS Appl. Nano Mater. \ volume 2 ,\ pages 5850 ( year 2019 ) NoStop

2019
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author author Z. Chen , author Y. Wang , author W. Wang , \ and\ author Z. Li ,\ title title Nanofluidic electrokinetics in nanoparticle crystal , \ @noop journal journal Appl. Phys. Lett. \ volume 95 ,\ pages 102105 ( year 2009 ) NoStop

2009
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2019
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2012
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author author P. Lehmann \ and\ author D. Or ,\ title title Effects of stomata clustering on leaf gas exchange , \ @noop journal journal New Phytol. \ volume 207 ,\ pages 1015 ( year 2015 ) NoStop

2015
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2021
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2022
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2009
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2016
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2021
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author author L. Keiser , author P. Marmottant , \ and\ author B. Dollet ,\ title title Intermittent air invasion in pervaporating compliant microchannels , \ @noop journal journal J. Fluid Mech. \ volume 948 ,\ pages A52 ( year 2022 ) NoStop

2022

Pith tools

Reviewed August 12, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.

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