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Obfuscated Activations Bypass LLM Latent-Space Defenses

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arxiv 2412.09565 v2 pith:N3N2JGNG submitted 2024-12-12 cs.LG

classification cs.LG
keywords activationsdefenseslatent-spaceobfuscatedattacksbehaviorharmfullatent
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Recent latent-space monitoring techniques have shown promise as defenses against LLM attacks. These defenses act as scanners that seek to detect harmful activations before they lead to undesirable actions. This prompts the question: Can models execute harmful behavior via inconspicuous latent states? Here, we study such obfuscated activations. We show that state-of-the-art latent-space defenses -- including sparse autoencoders, representation probing, and latent OOD detection -- are all vulnerable to obfuscated activations. For example, against probes trained to classify harmfulness, our attacks can often reduce recall from 100% to 0% while retaining a 90% jailbreaking rate. However, obfuscation has limits: we find that on a complex task (writing SQL code), obfuscation reduces model performance. Together, our results demonstrate that neural activations are highly malleable: we can reshape activation patterns in a variety of ways, often while preserving a network's behavior. This poses a fundamental challenge to latent-space defenses.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. GDM AI Control Roadmap

    cs.CR 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A frontier-lab roadmap proposes a threat taxonomy and tiered internal-security defenses to contain potentially misaligned AI agents.

  2. Adaptively Robust LLM Monitoring via Activation Watermarking

    cs.CR 2026-03 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Activation Watermarking embeds a secret keyed direction in an LLM's hidden states so policy-violating responses can be detected by a cosine test, cutting adaptive-jailbreak evasion relative to guard models.

  3. LLM in the Middle: A Systematic Review of Threats and Mitigations to Real-World LLM-based Systems

    cs.CR 2025-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A systematic review that categorizes LLM threats, severity scores, and mitigations across development and operation life cycles and multiple deployment scenarios.

  4. Beyond Black-Box Obfuscation: Mechanistic Analysis and Defense of White-Box Monitors

    cs.AI 2025-05 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    SafetyNet is an ensemble of standard outlier detectors for LLM backdoor monitoring, but its key mechanistic claim and headline numbers are contradicted by inconsistent tables and a mismatched abstract.

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